“…For instance, one can select appropriate alloy compositions and barrier materials for QWs to match the lattice constant of the substrate, e.g., In 0.52 Al 0.48 As/ In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As QW grown on InP substrate, 1,2 or choose the more mature GaAs as a substrate to grow a strain-layered QW, e.g., In x Ga 1−x As/ GaAs QW. [3][4][5][6] Because the lattice constant of InAs ͑6.0583 Å͒ is much greater than that of GaAs ͑5.653 25 Å͒, a strain is built in the In x Ga 1−x As/ GaAs system when the lattice-mismatched QW is grown. To attain the optimum strain properties in the lattice-mismatched QW, one has to overcome two obstacles: ͑i͒ keeping the layer thickness under the critical strainedlayer condition and ͑ii͒ reducing the defects caused by the lattice mismatch.…”