Immunization coverage of 12–23 months old children and associated factors in Jigjiga District, Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia

Abstract

BackgroundImmunization coverage in Ethiopia is less than the herd immunity level desired to prevent the spread of eight target diseases targeted by the World Health Organization’s Expanded Program of Immunization. In particular, the Somali region of the country still has by far the lowest level of immunization coverage. The objective of this study was to measure the immunization coverage of 12–23 months old children and associated factors in the urban and rural areas of Jigjiga district.MethodsA community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 582 households with 12–23 months old children in two urban and four rural wards. The data were collected from mothers or caregivers through interviews based on pre-tested and structured questionnaires and from the review of vaccination cards. Data were processed using SPSS version 16. To identify factors associated with the immunization status of children, bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were worked out and the Hoshmer and Lemeshow’s goodness-of-fit was used to assess the fitness of multiple logistic regression model.ResultsThree–fourth (74.6%) of the children surveyed were ever vaccinated, whereas 36.6% were fully vaccinated. The immunization coverage rate from card assessment for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin was 41.8%, while for Oral Polio Vaccine Zero, Oral Polio Vaccine One /Pentavalent1, Oral Polio Vaccine Two /Pentavalent2, Oral Polio Vaccine Three /Pentavalent3, and measles were 10.4%, 41.1%, 33.9%, 27.5%, and 24.9%, respectively. Maternal literacy (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.64, 5.71), Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.56, 3.77), place of delivery (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.24, 3.28), place of residence (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.33, 3.13), and household visits by health workers (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.17, 3.16), were found to be factors significantly associated with full immunization in the multivariate logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsThe overall immunization coverage was found to be low. Hence, to increase the immunization coverage and reduce the incidences of missed opportunity, delivery in the health institution should be promoted, the outreach activities of the health institutions should be strengthened and greater utilization of health services by mothers should be encouraged.

Do maternal knowledge and attitudes towards childhood immunizations in rural Uganda correlate with complete childhood vaccination?

“…Studies in SSA analyzing parental characteristics associated with the vaccination status of their respective children have largely focused on other socio-demographic factors. Variables such as parental education [4,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23], mothers' age [18,19], household income or wealth [4,11,17,19,22,24], family size or mothers' parity [4,[17][18][19], religion of caregivers [25,26], and location of labor and delivery [23] are well documented as correlates with the vaccination status of a child. We are only aware of four published studies conducted in SSA in the past 15 years that assessed KATCI [18,[27][28][29].…”

“…Two other studies have analyzed caregivers' perceived reasons for under-vaccination by directly asking the caregivers of under-vaccinated children. Mohamud et al reported that a population of caregivers with under-vaccinated children in Jigjiga District, Ethiopia most commonly stated "busyness due to work load" as the main reason for not fully vaccinating their respective children [23]. Oria et al reported that a rural population in western Kenya and an informal settlement in Nairobi most commonly stated "child was sick during vaccination period" and "parent was too busy," respectively, as the main reason for not vaccinating their children for influenza [30].…”

Cakupan Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap dan Faktor yang Memengaruhi

“…Namun, berbeda dengan penelitian di Distrik Jigjiga, Etiopia tahun 2011 yang melaporkan bahwa pendidikan ibu akan memberikan efek positif terhadap kelengkapan imunisasi anak. 12 Pekerjaan ibu dibagi menjadi bekerja dan tidak bekerja. Ibu tidak bekerja memiliki waktu yang lebih banyak dan fleksibel untuk membawa anaknya imunisasi, tetapi pekerjaan ibu tidak memengaruhi kelengkapan imunisasi dasar.…”

Immunisation knowledge and practices among mothers attending a paediatric clinic in Karachi, Pakistan

“…A study in Ethiopia reported that 64% of mothers with any level of education had fully vaccinated children as compared to 33% illiterate mothers. 17 Place of delivery was another factor found to be associated with a child's immunisation status. Babies born in a healthcare facility were more likely to be completely vaccinated as compared to those delivered at home.…”

“…Mohamud et al in Ethiopia, and Maina et al in Kenya, both found that children born at health care institutions were twice as likely to be fully vaccinated as compared to those born at home. 15,17 There is a need to educate the traditional birth attendants and the community at large about the importance of vaccinating the newborn.…”