Immunocytochemistry Profile of Benign Thyroid Nodules Not Responding to Thermal Ablation: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Purpose. Thermal ablations (TA) are gaining ground as alternative options to conventional therapies for symptomatic benign thyroid nodules. Little is known about the impact of nodule biology on the outcomes of TA. The aim of our study was to evaluate the baseline immunocytochemistry profile of thyroid nodules that were poorly responsive to TA in order to identify potential predictors of the treatment response. Methods. From a cohort of 406 patients with benign thyroid nodules treated with TA and followed for 5 years, we retrospectively selected two groups of patients: NONRESPONDERS (patients who did not respond to TA and were later surgically treated) and RESPONDERS (patients who responded to TA). The fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) slides obtained before TA were stained for Galectin-3, HBME-1, CK-19, and Ki-67. Results. Benign nodules of NONRESPONDERS (n = 19) did not express CK-19 ( p = 0.03 ), as compared to RESPONDERS (n = 26). We combined the absence of CK-19 and the presence of Ki-67 to obtain a composite biomarker of resistance to TA, which discriminated between likelihood of retreatment and no retreatment with an AUC of 0.68 (95%CI: 0.55-0.81) and a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 29%, 91%, 71%, and 64%, respectively. Conclusion. In benign thyroid nodules, the absence of CK-19 was associated with resistance to TA, while the presence of CK-19 was predictive of response to TA. If confirmed, this finding could provide rapid and inexpensive information about the potential outcome of TA on benign thyroid nodules. In addition, as CK-19 can be expressed in adenomatous hyperplasia, it could be speculated that these nodules, rather than follicular adenomas, might be better candidates for TA.

Clinical Outcomes of Thermal Ablation Re-Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Multicenter Study from the Italian Minimally Invasive Treatments of the Thyroid Group

“…Third, based on the few patients who were operated on (16/135), 18.75% of the thyroid nodules that were surgically removed were found to be differentiated thyroid carcinomas. This rate of malignancy in benign nodules unresponsive to TA is consistent with other studies, indicating a malignancy rate of 19.4-20.8% in nodules whose volume did not decrease by 50% after one procedure or regrew during follow-up 21,33 .…”