New World primates (NWPs) exhibit a compensated form of resistance to gonadal steroid hormones. We demonstrated recently that estrogen resistance in NWP cells was associated with the overexpression of two proteins, a nonreceptor-related, dominant-negative-acting estrogen response element (ERE)-binding protein (ERE-BP) and an intracellular estradiol-binding protein (IEBP). Based on the N-terminal sequences of tryptic fragments of IEBP isolated from a 17-estradiol (E 2 ) affinity column we cloned a full-length cDNA for IEBP from the estrogen-resistant NWP cell line, B95-8. Subsequent sequence analysis revealed 87% sequence identity between the deduced peptide for IEBP and human Hsp27. When hormone-responsive, wild-type Old World primate (OWP) cells were transiently transfected with IEBP cDNA, E 2 -directed ERE reporter luciferase activity was reduced by 50% compared with vector only-transfected OWP cells (p < 0.0018). When IEBP and ERE-BP were cotransfected, ERE promoter-reporter activity was reduced by a further 60% (p < 0.0001). Electrophoresis mobility shift analyses showed that IEBP neither bound to ERE nor competed with the estrogen receptor (ER) for binding to ERE. However, there was evidence of protein-protein interaction of IEBP and ER␣; IEBP was coimmunoprecipitated with anti-ER␣ antibody in wildtype cells stably transfected with IEBP. A specific interaction between ER␣ and IEBP was confirmed in glutathione S-transferase pull-down and yeast two-hybrid assays. Data indicate that the Hsp27-related IEBP interacts with the ligand binding domain of the ER␣. In summary, by inhibiting the ER␣-E 2 interaction, IEBP acts to squelch ER␣-directed ERE-regulated transactivation and promote estrogen resistance in NWP cells.Compared with Old World primates (OWPs), 1 including man, New World primates (NWPs) represent an evolutionarily distinct infraorder of primates confined to the South and Central American subcontinents. A central point of distinction between NWPs and OWPs resides in the fact that NWPs display relative resistance to adrenal, gonadal, and vitamin D sterol/steroid hormones (1-11). The precise mechanism for this remains unclear but does not involve aberrant expression of nuclear receptors for specific steroid hormones (12, 13), the principal cause of hormone resistance in humans (14). Instead, hormone resistance in NWP cells appears to be the result of epigenetic factors, which result either in low affinity receptorsteroid binding kinetics or attenuation of receptor-DNA interaction. For example, studies of glucocorticoid resistance in NWP cells have shown increased expression of the heat shock protein (Hsp)90-associated FK506-binding immunophilin FKBP51, which inhibits ligand binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GR) (15). By contrast, vitamin D resistance in NWPs appears to be caused by aberrant expression of a dominantnegative-acting vitamin D response element-binding protein (VDRE-BP), the protein being homologous to human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (hnRNPA) (16). Estrogen resistance in ...