Immunomodulatory effects of silymarin after subacute exposure to mice: A tiered approach immunotoxicity screening

Karimi, Gholamreza; Hassanzadeh-Josan, Samed; Memar, Bahram; Esmaeili, Seyed‐Alireza; Riahi-Zanjani, Bamdad

doi:10.3831/kpi.2018.21.011

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In a dose-dependent manner, silymarin-induced increased proliferation of both mitogen and alloantigen stimulated lymphocytes with enhanced secretion of interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL-4, and IL-10 in the cells was revealed in the study of Wilasrusmee et al (2002). As an immunomodulatory agent, stimulation of both cellular and humoral immune functions in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive BALB/c mice was observed after their intraperitoneal injection with low dose (50 mg.kg -1 BW) of silymarin for 14 consecutive days (Karimi et al, 2018). In detail, the authors found that silymarin significantly increased the number of peripheral neutrophils and the spleen cells.…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant With Several Therapeutic Purposes

Válková¹,

Ďúranová²,

Bilčíková³

et al. 2020

J microb biotech food sci

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This review provides a systematic and in-depth overview of the promise and potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) as an interesting alternative nutraceutical preparation for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. Moreover, it aims to summarize and update the existing evidence of extract of milk thistle in the treatment of various diseases by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, and special care is paid to the action mechanisms. The main active component of milk thistle, collectively known as silymarin, consists of a mixture of flavonolignans and flavonoid taxifolin. Silymarin acts as a hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective and lactogenic agent. Precise mechanisms of silymarin action still needs investigations and molecular/genetic background of silymarin synthesis is crucial to be elucidated for reinforcement of the therapeutical potential of the plant by breeding.

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Section: Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant With Several Therapeutic Purposes

Válková¹,

Ďúranová²,

Bilčíková³

et al. 2020

J microb biotech food sci

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“…The absorbance was measured at 600 nm in an ELISA reader. Mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation (Karimi et al, 2018), and their spleen and liver were removed and weighed. Phagocytic index α was used to express the carbon clearance ability of the mice.…”

Section: Carbon Clearance Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb2 Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), a fundamental saponin produced and isolated from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), has a wide range of biological actions. The objective of this investigation was to see if ginsenoside Rb2 has any immunomodulatory properties against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression. For the positive control group, levamisole hydrochloride (LD) was used. We discovered that intraperitoneal injection of Rb2 (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) could relieve CTX-induced immunosuppression by enhanced immune organ index, reduced the pathological characteristics of immunosuppression, promoted natural killer (NK) cells viability, improved cell-mediated immune response, boosted the IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma), TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), and IgG (Immunoglobulin G), as well as macrophage activity like carbon clearance and phagocytic index. Rb2 significantly elevated the mRNA expression of IL-4 (Interleukin-4), SYK (Tyrosine-protein kinase-SYK), IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 (Interleukin-6) in the spleen of CTX-injected animals. Molecular docking results showed that Rb2 had excellent binding properties with IL-4, SYK, IL-2, TNF, and IL-6, indicating the target protein might be strongly correlated with the immunomodulatory effect of Rb2. Taken together, ginsenoside Rb2 can improve the immune function that is declined in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, the efficacy maybe due to the regulation of related cytokine and mRNA expression.

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“…Research has shown that silymarin therapy had a boosting effect on platelet count with 100 mg/kg dose per day in rats' model while combating nickel-based-induced toxicity [ 42 ]. Karimi et al evaluated that silymarin has a beneficial effect on neutrophils, lymphocytes, and WBCs [ 43 ]. Another research report indicated that in albino rats, silymarin considerably improves the eosinophils and lymphocytes' level in cisplatin-induced toxicity [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Silymarin as an Adjunct Therapy in Combination with Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin in Hepatitis C Patients: A Miniature Clinical Trial

Ahmed

Ullah

Parveen

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Silymarin is proclaimed to be a blend of flavonolignans or phytochemicals. An era of new generation of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has commenced to have facet effect in swaying of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nonetheless, this therapy has serious side effects that jeopardize its efficacy. This study is aimed at probing the effects of ribavirin (RBV) and sofosbuvir (SOF) along with silymarin as an adjunct therapy on hematological parameters and markers of obscured oxidative stress. The effect of DAAs along with silymarin was also examined on variable sex hormone level and liver function markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin. The study was followed to determine viral load and viral genotypes. A total of 30 patients were randomly divided into two equal groups comprising the control group ( n = 15 ) and treatment group ( n = 15 ). The control group was solely administered with DAAs (SOF and RBV; 400 mg/800 mg each/day). Conversely, the treatment group was dispensed with DAAs, but with adjunct therapy of silymarin (400 mg/day) along with DAAs (400/800 mg/day) over period of 8 weeks. Sampling of blood was performed at pre- and posttreatment levels for the evaluation of different propound parameters. Our data showed that silymarin adjunct therapy enhances the efficiency of DAAs. A decrease in menace level of liver markers such as ALT, ALP, AST, and bilirubin was observed ( p > 0.05 ). The adjunct therapy concurrently also demonstrated an ameliorative effect on hematological indices and oxidative markers, for instance, SOD, TAS, GSH, GSSG, and MDA ( p < 0.05 ), diminishing latent viral load. The silymarin administration was also found to revamp the fluster level of sex hormones. Our outcomes provide evidence that systematic administration of silymarin effectively remits deviant levels of hematological, serological, hormonal, and antioxidant markers. This demonstrates a possibly unique role of silymarin in mitigating hepatitis C.

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Immunomodulatory effects of silymarin after subacute exposure to mice: A tiered approach immunotoxicity screening

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant With Several Therapeutic Purposes

Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant With Several Therapeutic Purposes

Immunomodulatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb2 Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice

Effect of Silymarin as an Adjunct Therapy in Combination with Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin in Hepatitis C Patients: A Miniature Clinical Trial

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