simulation tool is developed to theoretically study the characterisics of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and high-power photodiodes and to design new structures with enhanced performance. Consistency is achieved between experiments and simulations. With respect to APDs, I have studied the noise of an InAlAs/InAlGaAs tandem APD structure. My simulations reproduced previous experimental results. I then used the model to modify the structure in order to achieve lower excess noise. The new device has been fabricated and confirms my prediction of lower noise. Recently it has been reported that InAs APDs can achieve extremely low noise. In this dissertation, two InAs APD structures are designed and fabricated. They exhibit low dark current and low excess noise factors. An AlAsSb blocking layer is used in order