Impact of bio-alcohol fuels combustion on particulate matter morphology from efficient gasoline direct injection engines

Abstract

The requirements for controlling particulate emissions in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, particularly in hybrid vehicles (where frequent cold-start event impact on both, particles characteristics and catalytic aftertreament efficiency), nesesitates the need for understanding their formation mechanism and their morphological characteristics. The findings described in this investigation have significance in the design of efficient Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) and the development of computational models that predict particle filtration and oxidation processes. Morphological analysis of the particulate emissions from the combustion of commercial gasoline and two bio-alcohol blends: of 25% v/v ethanol in gasoline and 33% v/v butanol and 67% v/v gasoline, in a modern GDI engine has been carried out using a transmission electron microscopy. The primary particle size distribution from the combustion of butanol-gasoline blend was slightly smaller compared to gasoline, while the mean primary particle diameter was 3 nm smaller from the combustion of ethanol-gasoline fuel. This decrease in primary particle size for ethanol-gasoline blend was also reflected in a reduction of the mean radius of gyration and mean number of primary particles per agglomerate. The combustion of butanol-gasoline blend induced improved particle oxidation rates during the combustion process and post-oxidation stage, and led in 80% and 60% reduction in particle concentration in the engine exhaust when compared to the combustion of gasoline and ethanolgasoline blend, respectively. Additionally, the estimation of the particle fractal dimension through the use of fractal equation, minimum bonding rectangle method and root form factor showed comparable results for butanol-gasoline and gasoline, with the particle agglomerates being more compact than the ethanol-gasoline fuel, where more chain like particles are seen. Therefore, particles emitted from the combustion of ethanol-gasoline fuel are easier to be trapped (lower fractal dimension) and present a higher reactivity (high surface/volume ratio) compared to particles emitted from gasoline combustion.

A Comparative Study of Biofuels and Fischer–Tropsch Diesel Blends on the Engine Combustion Performance for Reducing Exhaust Gaseous and Particulate Emissions

“…Particle size distributions were measured using a TSI scanning mobility particle sizer spectrometer (SMPS). The equipment is composed of a 3080 electrostatic classifier, a 3081 differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and a 3775 condensation particle counter (CPC) [26]. Part of the exhaust gas was sampled and diluted with air in a constant dilution ratio set at 1:20.…”

Comparing the Combustion Process and the Emission Characteristic of a Stationary Heating Device System and an Internal Combustion Engine with Experimental Investigation

“…Processes described above occur with conventional fuel. There are many fuel alternatives for both cycles (Hergueta et al, 2018;Hsieh et al, 2022;Myung et al, 2009;Szabados and Bereczky, 2015) but this is not subject of this study to analyse those results.…”

The Impact of Thermochemical Exhaust Energy Recovery Using Ethanol-Gasoline Blend on Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Performance

“…Several reactions are involved in the overall mechanism that result in the formation of minor light hydrocarbons such as acetaldehyde and ethylene. The formation of carbonaceous accumulation on catalytically active surfaces is a critical side effect of multiple side reactions [16,17]. Steam and auto-thermal reforming of pure ethanol has been examined experimentally and thermodynamically for different steam to fuel and oxygen to fuel molar ratios, under various ranges of temperatures and catalysts [18][19][20].…”