Impact of CRISPR-Cas9-Based Genome Engineering in Farm Animals

Abstract

Humans are sorely over-dependent on livestock for their daily basic need of food in the form of meat, milk, and eggs. Therefore, genetic engineering and transgenesis provide the opportunity for more significant gains and production in a short span of time. One of the best strategies is the genetic alteration of livestock to enhance the efficiency of food production (e.g., meat and milk), animal health, and welfare (animal population and disease). Moreover, genome engineering in the bovine is majorly focused on subjects such as disease resistance (e.g., tuberculosis), eradicate allergens (e.g., beta-lactoglobulin knock-out), products generation (e.g., meat from male and milk from female), male or female birth specifically (animal sexing), the introduction of valuable traits (e.g., stress tolerance and disease resistance) and their wellbeing (e.g., hornlessness). This review addressed the impressive genome engineering method CRISPR, its fundamental principle for generating highly efficient target-specific guide RNA, and the accompanying web-based tools. However, we have covered the remarkable roadmap of the CRISPR method from its conception to its use in cattle. Additionally, we have updated the comprehensive information on CRISPR-based gene editing in cattle.

Generation of Heritable Prominent Double Muscle Buttock Rabbits via Novel Site Editing of Myostatin Gene Using CRISPR/Cas9 System

“…Humans are entirely reliant on livestock for their daily food supply, which comes in the form of eggs, meat, and milk ( 30 – 33 ). Thus, genetic alteration offers an opportunity for significant production and gains in a short time ( 34 , 35 ). Since the last decade, many gene-edited organisms have been approved and are being used by the public, such as the gene-edited goats' milk and chicken eggs are being used for drug extraction.…”

Multidrug-Resistant Microbial Therapy Using Antimicrobial Peptides and the CRISPR/Cas9 System

“…PrP Sc is an infectious protein that causes fatal disorders in bovines and humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and a chronic wasting disease has been knockout PRNP coding exon 3 using CRISPR/Cas9. 50 , 115 , 116 Interleukin-10 receptor alpha gene (IL10RA) is a proinflammatory cytokine associated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection and mastitis in dairy cattle. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool was used to knock out IL10RA gene in mammary alveolar-T cells (MAC-T cells).…”

“…The CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool was used to knock out IL10RA gene in mammary alveolar-T cells (MAC-T cells). 116 The removal of a virulent gene, virB10 or RpolA that cause Brucella infection has got a promising effect after transduction with the CRISPR/Cas9 carrying vector against bacterial RpolA. The study done by Rodrigues, McBride, Hullahalli, Palmer, and Duerkop 102 engineered conjugative plasmid pPD1 with a complete, constitutively expressed CRISPR-Cas9 targeting cassette that efficiently transfers to Enterococcus faecalis for the selective elimination of ermB gene (encoding erythromycin resistance) and tetM gene (encoding tetracycline resistance).…”

“…The target specificity depends on the gRNA of Cas9 and PAM sequences and the off-target cleavage in the genome; this ends in precise knockout of valuable alleles like disease resistance and heat tolerance, as well as haplotypes in local domestically well-adapted cattle breed genome. 116–118 …”

Genome Sequence of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Strain NCDC610, Isolated from a Traditional Cereal-Based Fermented Milk Product (Raabadi)

“…Furthermore, 60 pseudogenes and 60 non-protein-coding sequences were determined. The genome was mapped with 30× coverage and also contained one copy of CRISPR arrays ( 13 ).…”