The development of green and sustainable technologies for wastewater treatment is highly desirable but remains challenging. Herein, a self‐assembly strategy to stabilize AgFeO2 on the surface of CaCO3 (AgFeO2@CaCO3) is demonstrated. This structure is discovered to significantly prohibit the agglomeration of AgFeO2 nanoparticles and strengthen the interaction between AgFeO2 and CaCO3. When utilized in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), AgFeO2@CaCO3 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade multiple organic pollutants. For example, complete Rhodamine B (RhB) decomposition can be achieved by AgFeO2@CaCO3 in the presence of PMS at a degradation rate of 0.312 min−1, which is 44.6 times that of bare AgFeO2. In addition, AgFeO2@CaCO3 demonstrates excellent stability, recyclability, general applicability, and strong resistance to the solution pH. 1O2 and O2·− are the predominant reactive oxygen species in RhB degradation. The rapid RhB degradation can be attributed to the mesoporous structure and high specific surface area of AgFeO2@CaCO3, the cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Ag(I)/Ag(0), and the presence of hydroxyl groups that facilities PMS activation, which is validated by density functional theory calculations. This study provides a feasible and scalable strategy to synthesize green and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for wastewater remediation via PMS‐based AOPs.