Impact of Individual Antiretroviral Drugs on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients<subtitle>A Case-Control Study Nested Within the French Hospital Database on HIV ANRS Cohort CO4</subtitle><alt-title>Antiretroviral Drugs, Risk of MI, and HIV</alt-title>

Abstract

The risk of MI was increased by cumulative exposure to all the studied PIs except saquinavir and particularly to amprenavir/fosamprenavir with or without ritonavir and lopinavir with ritonavir, whereas the association with abacavir cannot be considered causal.

Factors related to NT-proBNP levels in HIV patients aged over 40 years

“…In the French cohort [18], the recent use of fosamprenavir was associated with a higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction. There is increasing concern about cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection, and about this fact specific guides to risk management have been published and various studies were conducted to elucidate the role that some component of HAART may have in ischaemic events.…”

Adiponectin Levels and Coronary Artery Disease among HIV-Infected Men

“…Current receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was defined as the use of three or more antiretroviral drugs as per the guidelines [33]. Specific NRTIs (abacavir, tenofovir and didanosine) and PIs (ritonavir, atazanavir) were examined based upon the number of users as well as published studies showing that some antiretroviral medications may be associated with increased CAD risk [11][12][13].…”

“…Additionally, some studies suggest that HIV patients are experiencing accelerated vascular aging [5,6], although further data are needed. The exact risk factors for the higher risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV patients are unclear, but likely related to complex interactions between the virus itself, antiretroviral medications, increased immune activation, and metabolic changes [3,4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Pregnane X Receptor Mediates Dyslipidemia Induced by the HIV Protease Inhibitor Amprenavir in Mice

“…Another large-scale study that included more than 23,000 HIV patients analyzed the combination of drugs used in HAART and concluded that protease inhibitors (PIs) are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which is partly explained by dyslipidemia (Friis-Moller et al, 2007). A Swiss HIV Cohort Study found that PIs are the cause of dyslipidemia in patients (Periard et al, 1999), and several other studies have reached the same conclusion (Stein et al, 2001;Lang et al, 2010). Despite the strong evidence linking PIs with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the adverse effects of PIs remain elusive.…”

“…However, HAART has also been associated with dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Carr et al, 1998;Periard et al, 1999;Distler et al, 2001;Stein et al, 2001;Friis-Moller et al, 2003Lang et al, 2010). For example, findings from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) study suggested that the incidence of cardiovascular disease increased with longer exposure to HAART (Friis-Moller et al, 2003).…”