Impact of maturity on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of medicinally important leaves of Ficus carica L.

Abstract

L. is one of the oldest trees belonging to the mulberry family. It has both nutritional and medicinal benefits, as it is a source of potential bioactive compounds. Fig leaves were collected at four maturation stages, to evaluate the variation in polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and different pigments level. Polyphenols were identified using HPLC-DAD. Different pigments level, total phenolic contents, and radical scavenging activity were quantified. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of fourteen polyphenolic compounds in the fig leaves. Quercetin-3-glucoside, caftaric acid, quercetin-3, 7-diglucoside, and coumaroyl-hexose were the major phenolic compounds. Kaempferol-3-O-sophorotrioside, cichoric acid and sinapic acid glucoside were identified for the first time. Significant quantitative changes were observed during maturation, particularly in polyphenolic compounds. There were significant changes in pigments level, total phenolic contents, and radical scavenging activity. It was observed that fig leaves are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds during all stages of maturation.

Salicylic acid‐enhanced biosynthesis of pharmacologically important lignans and neo lignans in cell suspension culture of Linum ussitatsimum L

“…Phenolic and flavonoids are low molecular weight compounds playing vital role in plant physiology and development . In the present study, SA considerably stimulated phenolic and flavonoids biosynthesis in cell cultures of flax.…”

Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation of Ficus carica L. for the efficient production of secondary metabolites

“…The plant contains natural compounds, including minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fibers, phytosterols, and also phytochemicals, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, anthocyanins, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, lignans, and alkaloids with potential antioxidant activities . The major reported phytoconstituents of F. carica are ferulic acid, psoralen, bergapten, pyrogallic, 3–5‐dimethoxyphenol, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, quercetin, luteolin, biochanin‐A, apigenin rutinoside, kaempferol, and ficusogenin in leaves; cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐ O ‐rhamnoglucoside, (epi)catechin, pelargonidin 3‐glucoside, pelargonidin 3‐rutinoside, peonidin 3‐rutinoside, umbelliferone, scopoletin, stilbenes, and quinines in fruits; psoralen and β ‐sitosterol in roots; lanosterol, lupeol acetate, β ‐amyrin, β ‐sisterol, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, benzaldehyde, octanal, 7‐6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one, monopterpenes, α ‐thujene, α ‐pinene, β ‐pinene, limonene, terpinolene, 6‐ O ‐Linoleyl‐ β ‐ d ‐glucosyl‐ β ‐sitosterol, 6‐ O ‐Oleyl‐ β ‐ d ‐glucosyl‐ β ‐sitosterol, 6‐ O ‐palmitoyl‐ β ‐ d ‐glucosyl‐ β ‐sitosterol, and ficin in latex . Different parts of F. carica , alone or in combination with other plants, have been used as pharmacological agents in the treatment of different diseases.…”

“…Different parts of F. carica , alone or in combination with other plants, have been used as pharmacological agents in the treatment of different diseases. Several studies have indicated the use of fig as antioxidant and sunscreen and also for its anti‐inflammatory, anti‐helminthic, anticarcinogenic, anti‐tumor, antifungal, antimalarial, antiseptic, cytotoxic, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, diuretic, expectorant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, erythropoietic effects as well as its use to manage anemia . The concentration of secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and anthocyanins, and the color of fig fruit, is dependent on the fig cultivars and genotypes .…”

“…3 The major reported phytoconstituents of F. carica are ferulic acid, psoralen, bergapten, pyrogallic, 3-5-dimethoxyphenol, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, quercetin, luteolin, biochanin-A, apigenin rutinoside, kaempferol, and ficusogenin in leaves; cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside, (epi)catechin, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, peonidin 3-rutinoside, umbelliferone, scopoletin, stilbenes, and quinines in fruits; psoralen and ⊎-sitosterol in roots; lanosterol, lupeol acetate, ⊎-amyrin, ⊎-sisterol, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, benzaldehyde, octanal, 7-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, monopterpenes, ⊍-thujene, ⊍-pinene, ⊎-pinene, limonene, terpinolene, 6-O-Linoleyl-⊎-D-glucosyl-⊎-sitosterol, 6-O-Oleyl-⊎-D-glucosyl-⊎-sitosterol, 6-O-palmitoyl-⊎-D-glucosyl-⊎-sitosterol, and ficin in latex. [3][4][5][6][7] Different parts of F. carica, alone or in combination with other plants, have been used as pharmacological agents in the treatment of different diseases. Several studies have indicated the use of fig as antioxidant and sunscreen and also for its anti-inflammatory, anti-helminthic, anticarcinogenic, anti-tumor, antifungal, antimalarial, antiseptic, cytotoxic, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, diuretic, expectorant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, erythropoietic effects as well as its use to manage anemia.…”

“…Several studies have indicated the use of fig as antioxidant and sunscreen and also for its anti-inflammatory, anti-helminthic, anticarcinogenic, anti-tumor, antifungal, antimalarial, antiseptic, cytotoxic, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, diuretic, expectorant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, erythropoietic effects as well as its use to manage anemia. [3][4][5]7 The concentration of secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and anthocyanins, and the color of fig fruit, is dependent on the fig cultivars and genotypes. 8,9 In Iran, the cultivars of Sabz, a high-quality dried fig, and Siah, a high-quality fresh fig, are considered to be commercial fig cultivars.…”