Impact of ocean waves on offshore wind farm power production

Porchetta, Sara; Muñoz‐Esparza, Domingo; Munters, Wim; Beeck, Jeroen van; Lipzig, Nicole Van

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.111

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Largest increases were found during aligned wind-wave conditions (Porchetta et al, 2021) and during swell under moderate winds (Kalvig et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2014;AlSam et al, 2015;Lyu et al, 2018). Largest reductions in wind resources due to waves were found during short fetches (Jenkins et al, 2012), which are often associated with wind-wave misalignment (Kalvig et al, 2014;Porchetta et al, 2021), with rapidly changing winds corresponding to young wave age (Jenkins et al, 2012). These studies illustrate that Charnock-based model parameterizations (Edson et al, 2013), which are typically used in standalone uncoupled atmosphere models to derive wind resources, cannot fully capture the complex interaction between waves and winds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The wave impacts can increase and decrease the wind resources. Largest increases were found during aligned wind-wave conditions (Porchetta et al, 2021) and during swell under moderate winds (Kalvig et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2014;AlSam et al, 2015;Lyu et al, 2018). Largest reductions in wind resources due to waves were found during short fetches (Jenkins et al, 2012), which are often associated with wind-wave misalignment (Kalvig et al, 2014;Porchetta et al, 2021), with rapidly changing winds corresponding to young wave age (Jenkins et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Previous studies, using Large Eddy Simulations (LES), unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) as well as mesoscale model simulations, have found an impact of the wave field on the wind field that can reach into heights of the turbine rotor height (Jenkins et al, 2012;Kalvig et al, 2014;Paskyabi et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2014;AlSam et al, 2015;Zou et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2020;Porchetta et al, 2021). The wave impacts can increase and decrease the wind resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatic Impacts of Wind-Wave-Wake Interactions in Offshore Wind Farms

2022

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Accurate wind resource assessments are necessary for cost effective offshore wind energy developments. The wind field offshore depends on the sea state. In coastal areas, where wind farms are usually built today, wind and waves are often not in full balance. In addition, wind farms modify their surrounding wind and turbulence field, especially downwind. These wind farm wakes, in turn, interact with the wave field, creating a complex dynamical system. To fully capture the dynamics in such a system in a realistic way, a coupled atmosphere-wave modelling system equipped with a wind farm parameterization should be applied. However, most conventional resource assessment relies on standalone atmosphere model simulations. We compare the wind-wave-wake climate predicted from a coupled modelling system, to one predicted from a standalone atmosphere model. Using a measurement-driven statistical-dynamical downscaling method, we show that about 180 simulation days are enough to represent the wind- and wave-climate, as well as the relation between those two, for the German Bight. We simulate these representative days with the atmosphere-wave coupled and the uncoupled modelling system. We perform simulations both without wind farms as well as parameterizing the existing wind farms as of July 2020. On a climatic average, wind resources derived from the coupled modelling system are reduced by 1% in 100 m over the sea compared to the uncoupled modelling system. In the area surrounding the wind farm the resources are further reduced. While the climatic reduction is relatively small, wind speed differences between the coupled and uncoupled modelling systems differ by more than ±20% on a 10-min time-scale. The turbulent kinetic energy derived from the coupled system is higher, which contributes to a more efficient wake dissipation on average and thus slightly smaller wake-affected areas in the coupled system. Neighbouring wind farms reduce wind resources of surrounding farms by up to 10%. The wind farm wakes reduce significant wave height by up to 3.5%. The study shows the potential of statistical-dynamical downscaling and coupled atmosphere-wave-wake modelling for offshore wind resource assessment and physical environmental impact studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatic Impacts of Wind-Wave-Wake Interactions in Offshore Wind Farms

2022

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“…However, although clear trends can be observed from the current study, it is important to highlight that further validation with SCADA data is necessary and that dedicated follow-up studies, e.g. using mesoscale models, should consider flow physics not captured in the current model setup, for example the influence of atmospheric stability and waves on wake recovery [22], and the impact of self-induced gravity waves on wind-farm blockage [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Wake impact of constructing a new offshore wind farm zone on an existing downwind cluster: a case study of the Belgian Princess Elisabeth zone using FLORIS

Munters

Adiloglu²,

Buckingham

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

Self Cite

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A first assessment of the potential wake impact of the future Princess Elisabeth wind-farm cluster on the existing Belgian wind farms is performed. We consider 3 different wake models coupled to a blockage model implemented in FLORIS, and study 15 design scenarios for the future cluster. Simulations show that, although intra-cluster wake effects are qualitatively comparable, inter-cluster effects differ strongly among model setups, confirming results in recent literature. With increasing new-zone capacity, a trend of higher existing-zone AEP loss caused by the new zone is observed, as well as an incentive to use turbines with higher individual rating. Quantitatively, AEP loss due to inter-cluster wakes can reach up to 0.8% for the full existing zone as compared to a reference case without the Princess Elisabeth zone. Further, worst-case conditions with west-southwesterly winds show the new zone induces an inter-cluster power loss of 6% for the entire existing zone, with extremes up to 20% for specific turbines.

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“…As renewable and clean energy resources, wind and wave energy resources are of great significance for environmental protection and greenhouse effect mitigation. In recent decades, wind energy, especially offshore wind energy, has developed rapidly all over the world [4][5][6][7]. In 2015, the total installed capacity of wind energy in the world surpassed that of nuclear power, becoming the mainstream form of clean energy development [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change Characteristics of Coastal Wind Energy Resources in Zhejiang Province Based on ERA-Interim Data

Wang

Zhou²,

Kuo

et al. 2021

Front. Phys.

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The reanalysis of sea surface wind speed is compared with the measured wind speed of five offshore wind towers in Zhejiang, China. The applicability of reanalysis data in the Zhejiang coastal sea surface and the climatic characteristics of sea surface wind power density is analyzed. Results show that the reanalysis of wind field data at the height of 10 m can well capture the wind field characteristics of the actual sea surface wind field. The sea surface wind power density effective hours increases from west to east and north to south. Then Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) is used to analyze the sea surface wind power density anomaly field, and the first mode is a consistent pattern, the second mode is a North-South dipole pattern, the third mode is an East-West dipole pattern respectively. The stability of wind energy resources grows more stable with increasing distance from the coast, and the northern sea area which is far away from the coastal sea is more stable than that of the southern sea area. The yearly linear trend of sea surface wind power density is in an East-West dipole pattern respectively. The wind energy resources are more stable farther from the coast, and the wind energy resources in the northern sea are more stable than that of the southern sea. The yearly linear trend of sea surface wind power density is the East-West dipole type, the seasonal linear trend is a significant downward trend from West to East in spring, and on the contrary in summer, a non-significant trend in autumn and winter. The monthly change index shows that the linear trend near the entrance of Hangzhou Bay in Northern Zhejiang is of weak increase or decrease, which is good for wind energy development. When the wind power density is between 0 and 150 W·m−2, its frequency mainly shows the distribution trend of high in the West and low in the East, but the wind power density is between 150 and 600 W·m−2, its distribution is the opposite.

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Impact of ocean waves on offshore wind farm power production

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Climatic Impacts of Wind-Wave-Wake Interactions in Offshore Wind Farms

Climatic Impacts of Wind-Wave-Wake Interactions in Offshore Wind Farms

Wake impact of constructing a new offshore wind farm zone on an existing downwind cluster: a case study of the Belgian Princess Elisabeth zone using FLORIS

Climate Change Characteristics of Coastal Wind Energy Resources in Zhejiang Province Based on ERA-Interim Data

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