Impact of phase out of leaded gasoline on the air quality in Budapest

Salma, Imre; Maenhaut, Willy; Dubtsov, S.N.; Zemplén-Papp, É.; Záray, Gyula

doi:10.1016/s0026-265x(00)00108-9

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The concentration of Pb showed an increasing tendency from the regional background to the urban sites. The present data are smaller than the median levels of 16 ng m −3 in the city centre and of 9 ng m −3 in the near-city background measured in spring 2002, after the phase-out of leaded gasoline in Hungary in April 1999, and are in line with its overall decreasing trend (Salma and Maenhaut, 2006;Salma et al, 2000).…”

Section: Constituentcontrasting

confidence: 76%

Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

Salma¹,

Vasanits-Zsigrai²,

Machon

et al. 2020

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Fine-fraction aerosol samples were collected, and air pollutants and meteorological properties were measured in situ in the regional background environment of the Carpathian Basin, a suburban area and central part of its largest city, Budapest, in each season for a 1-year-long time interval. The samples were analysed for PM2.5 mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), radiocarbon, levoglucosan (LVG) and its stereoisomers, and some chemical elements. Carbonaceous aerosol species made up 36 % of the PM2.5 mass, with a modest seasonal variation and with a slightly increasing tendency from the regional background to the city centre (from 32 % to 39 %). A coupled radiocarbon-LVG marker method was applied to apportion the total carbon (TC = OC + EC) into contributions of EC and OC from fossil fuel (FF) combustion (ECFF and OCFF, respectively), EC and OC from biomass burning (BB) (ECBB and OCBB, respectively), and OC from biogenic sources (OCBIO). Fossil fuel combustion showed rather constant daily or monthly mean contributions (of 35 %) to the TC in the whole year in all atmospheric environments, while the daily contributions of BB and biogenic sources changed radically (from <2 % up to 70 %–85 %) at all locations and over the years. In October, the three major sources contributed equally to the TC in all environments. In January, it was the BB that was the major source, with a share of 70 % at all sites. The contributions from biogenic sources in January were the smallest. In April, FF combustion and biogenic sources were the largest two contributors at all locations with typical shares of 45 %–50 % each. In July, biogenic sources became the major source type with a monotonically increasing tendency (from 56 % to 72 %) from the city centre to the regional background. The share of BB was hardly quantifiable in July. The ECFF made up more than 90 % of EC in April and July, while in October and January, the contributions of ECBB were considerable. Biomass burning in winter and autumn offers the largest and most considerable potential for improving the air quality in cities as well as in rural areas of the Carpathian Basin.

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Section: Constituentcontrasting

confidence: 76%

Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

Salma¹,

Vasanits-Zsigrai²,

Machon

et al. 2020

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…spring after the phase out of leaded gasoline in Hungary in April 1999, and are in line with its overall decreasing trend (Salma and Maenhaut, 2006;Salma et al, 2000).…”

Section: Tendencies In Aerosol Concentrations 363supporting

confidence: 76%

Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

Salma¹,

Vasanits-Zsigrai²,

Machon³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Fine-fraction aerosol samples were collected, air pollutants and meteorological properties were measured in-situ in regional background environment of the Carpathian Basin, a suburban area and central part of its largest city, Budapest in each season for 1 year-long time interval. The samples were analysed for PM2.5 mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), radiocarbon, levoglucosan (LVG) and its stereoisomers, and some chemical elements. Carbonaceous aerosol species made up 36&#8201;% of the PM2.5 mass with a modest seasonal variation and with a slightly increasing tendency from the regional background to the city centre (from 32 to 39&#8201;%). Coupled radiocarbon-LVG marker method was applied to apportion the total carbon (TC&#8201;=&#8201;OC&#8201;+&#8201;EC) into contributions of EC and OC from fossil fuel (FF) combustion (ECFF and OCFF, respectively), EC and OC from biomass burning (BB) (ECBB and OCBB, respectively) and OC from biogenic sources (OCBIO). Fossil fuel combustion showed rather constant daily or seasonal mean contributions (of 35&#8201;%) to the TC in the whole year in all atmospheric environments, while the daily contributions of BB and biogenic sources changed radically (from <&#8201;2 up to 70&#8211;85&#8201;%) over the seasons at all locations. In autumn, the three major sources contributed equally to the TC in all environments. In winter, it was the BB that was the major source with a share of 70&#8201;% at all sites. The contributions from biogenic sources in winter were the smallest, although they were still non-negligible with an increasing share (from 5 to 8&#8201;%) from the regional background to the urban sites. In spring, FF combustion and biogenic sources were the largest two contributors at all locations with typical shares of 45&#8211;50&#8201;% each. In summer, biogenic sources became the major source with a monotonically increasing tendency (from 56 to 72&#8201;%) from the city centre to the regional background. The share of BB was hardly quantifiable in summer. The ECFF made up more than 90&#8201;% of EC in spring and summer, while in autumn and winter, the contributions of ECBB were considerable. Biomass burning in winter and autumn offers the largest and considerable potentials for improving the air quality in cities as well as in rural areas of the Carpathian Basin.

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“…As a result, the regular absorption of small amounts of elements such as Pb may cause serious effects on the health of growing children, including retardation of mental development (e.g. reading and learning disabilities) and deficiencies in concentration, adverse effects on kidney function, blood chemistry and the cardiovascular system, as well as hearing degradation (Salma, Maenhaut, Dubtsov, Papp, & Záray, 2000). It is therefore important to monitor the levels of trace elements in cow's milk, which forms a major source of nutrition in childhood, consumed with breakfast cereals and as yoghurt or cheese.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of trace elements in raw cow’s milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

et al. 2008

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The levels of trace elements are an important component of safety and quality of milk. While certain elements such as chromium are essential at low levels, an excess can result in deleterious effects on human health. International quality control standards for milk are published by the Codex Alimentarious Commission and levels of heavy metals in milk intended for human consumption are routinely monitored. This paper describes a new method for demonstrating the levels of V, Cr, Mn, Sr, Cd and Pb in raw cow's milk, using an ICP-MS. Samples (n = 24) of raw cow's milk were collected from dairy farms close to mines in Gauteng and North West Provinces of South Africa. In order to destroy organic matrix, each freeze dried milk sample was mineralised by using a microwave assisted digestion procedure. Concentrations of trace elements in digested milk samples were measured by ICP-MS. A whole milk powder reference material (NIST SRM 8435) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method. It was found that the levels of V, Cr, Mn, Sr, Cd and Pb obtained using the new method showed concordance with certified values.

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Impact of phase out of leaded gasoline on the air quality in Budapest

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

Quantification of trace elements in raw cow’s milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

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