“…The gate-all-around field-effect transistor (GAAFET) has become the prime candidate due to its superior electrostatic integrity and ability to satisfy higher performance requirements [4][5][6]. With continuous device scaling, the impact of process fluctuations, including random dopant fluctuation (RDF) [7][8][9], work-function variation (WFV) [9,10], interface trap fluctuation (ITF) [11,12] and oxide thickness variation (OTV) [13], has become more serious and have been widely studied in planar and multi-gate devices. These process variation sources could lead to significant variability in the critical electrical parameters, such as threshold voltage (V TH ), subthreshold slope (SS), on-state current (I ON ), off-state current (I OFF ), etc.…”