Abstract:Climate change is likely to increase the frequency of drought and more extreme precipitation events. The objectives of this study were i) to assess the impact of extended drought followed by heavy precipitation events on yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) under historical and future climate, and ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies (notillage and new cultivars) in mitigating impacts of increased frequencies of extreme events and warming. We used the validated SALUS crop model to … Show more
“…3 ) due to the difference in crop response to temperature, day length (photoperiod), and elevated CO 2 . Our overall predictions of crop yield change were generally in agreement with other studies 9 , 17 , 19 , 20 .…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 90%
“…4 ), while the other areas tended to lose SOC. Compared with no adaptation, the adaptation scenario resulted in higher SOC stocks in all counties of the Corn Belt, which was also found in a modeling study of a site in Michigan 9 . Figure 2 Predicted soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top soil (0–20 cm) averaged for the three GCMs in the U.S. Corn Belt, including ( a ) the baseline scenario and ( b ) the difference between the no adaptation scenario and baseline, and ( c ) the difference between the adaptation scenario and baseline.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 68%
“…4), while the other areas tended to lose SOC. Compared with no adaptation, the adaptation scenario resulted www.nature.com/scientificreports/ in higher SOC stocks in all counties of the Corn Belt, which was also found in a modeling study of a site in Michigan 9 . Over the period from 2041 to 2070, the average SOC in the Corn Belt reached a new equilibrium state in the baseline scenario with no climate change (Fig.…”
supporting
confidence: 56%
“…Studies have been conducted to predict SOC of croplands under climate change 3 – 5 . However, crop management changes with adaptation to future climate 6 – 9 (such as changes in varieties and planting dates) were ignored in most studies. Thus, we carried out a regional study to assess the impact of projected climate change and elevated CO 2 on SOC in agricultural systems with management adaptation.…”
Increasing the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) has agronomic benefits and the potential to mitigate climate change. previous regional predictions of Soc trends under climate change often ignore or do not explicitly consider the effect of crop adaptation (i.e., changing planting dates and varieties). We used the DayCent biogeochemical model to examine the effect of adaptation on SOC for corn and soybean production in the U.S. corn Belt using climate data from three models. Without adaptation, yields of both corn and soybean tended to decrease and the decomposition of Soc tended to increase leading to a loss of Soc with climate change compared to a baseline scenario with no climate change. With adaptation, the model predicted a substantially higher crop yield. the increase in yields and associated carbon input to the Soc pool counteracted the increased decomposition in the adaptation scenarios, leading to similar SOC stocks under different climate change scenarios. consequently, we found that crop management adaptation to changing climatic conditions strengthen agroecosystem resistance to SOC loss. However, there are differences spatially in SOC trends. the northern part of the region is likely to gain Soc while the southern part of the region is predicted to lose Soc. Soil organic matter is essential for maintaining soil health and sustaining plant growth. Loss of soil organic matter often leads to degradation of soil quality 1. It also constitutes the largest terrestrial organic carbon (C) pool (~ 2,400 Pg C in top 2 m soil). This soil organic C (SOC) pool is three times greater than the amount of C in the atmosphere 2. An increase or decrease of C in soils by only a small percent represents a substantial C sink or source for atmospheric CO 2. Studies have been conducted to predict SOC of croplands under climate change 3-5. However, crop management changes with adaptation to future climate 6-9 (such as changes in varieties and planting dates) were ignored in most studies. Thus, we carried out a regional study to assess the impact of projected climate change and elevated CO 2 on SOC in agricultural systems with management adaptation. A change in SOC is a result of the net effect of the changes in SOC decomposition rates (the main C outflow) and C inputs from plants 10 (main C inflow). In a warmer climate, the higher temperature could increase the decomposition rate in both the short and long term 11. Decomposition will also be sensitive to increases or decreases in precipitation 10 predicted by climate models 8. Carbon input is mainly from root and surface residue litter that is not removed from the system through harvest, grazing or burning. Changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO 2 all affect this input through plant growth and production 6. These climatic changes are also likely to affect management practices in the future 7. Although systemic management changes are possible that can limit the impact of climate change, such as moving from dryland to irrigated systems, smaller adjustments i...
“…3 ) due to the difference in crop response to temperature, day length (photoperiod), and elevated CO 2 . Our overall predictions of crop yield change were generally in agreement with other studies 9 , 17 , 19 , 20 .…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 90%
“…4 ), while the other areas tended to lose SOC. Compared with no adaptation, the adaptation scenario resulted in higher SOC stocks in all counties of the Corn Belt, which was also found in a modeling study of a site in Michigan 9 . Figure 2 Predicted soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top soil (0–20 cm) averaged for the three GCMs in the U.S. Corn Belt, including ( a ) the baseline scenario and ( b ) the difference between the no adaptation scenario and baseline, and ( c ) the difference between the adaptation scenario and baseline.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 68%
“…4), while the other areas tended to lose SOC. Compared with no adaptation, the adaptation scenario resulted www.nature.com/scientificreports/ in higher SOC stocks in all counties of the Corn Belt, which was also found in a modeling study of a site in Michigan 9 . Over the period from 2041 to 2070, the average SOC in the Corn Belt reached a new equilibrium state in the baseline scenario with no climate change (Fig.…”
supporting
confidence: 56%
“…Studies have been conducted to predict SOC of croplands under climate change 3 – 5 . However, crop management changes with adaptation to future climate 6 – 9 (such as changes in varieties and planting dates) were ignored in most studies. Thus, we carried out a regional study to assess the impact of projected climate change and elevated CO 2 on SOC in agricultural systems with management adaptation.…”
Increasing the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) has agronomic benefits and the potential to mitigate climate change. previous regional predictions of Soc trends under climate change often ignore or do not explicitly consider the effect of crop adaptation (i.e., changing planting dates and varieties). We used the DayCent biogeochemical model to examine the effect of adaptation on SOC for corn and soybean production in the U.S. corn Belt using climate data from three models. Without adaptation, yields of both corn and soybean tended to decrease and the decomposition of Soc tended to increase leading to a loss of Soc with climate change compared to a baseline scenario with no climate change. With adaptation, the model predicted a substantially higher crop yield. the increase in yields and associated carbon input to the Soc pool counteracted the increased decomposition in the adaptation scenarios, leading to similar SOC stocks under different climate change scenarios. consequently, we found that crop management adaptation to changing climatic conditions strengthen agroecosystem resistance to SOC loss. However, there are differences spatially in SOC trends. the northern part of the region is likely to gain Soc while the southern part of the region is predicted to lose Soc. Soil organic matter is essential for maintaining soil health and sustaining plant growth. Loss of soil organic matter often leads to degradation of soil quality 1. It also constitutes the largest terrestrial organic carbon (C) pool (~ 2,400 Pg C in top 2 m soil). This soil organic C (SOC) pool is three times greater than the amount of C in the atmosphere 2. An increase or decrease of C in soils by only a small percent represents a substantial C sink or source for atmospheric CO 2. Studies have been conducted to predict SOC of croplands under climate change 3-5. However, crop management changes with adaptation to future climate 6-9 (such as changes in varieties and planting dates) were ignored in most studies. Thus, we carried out a regional study to assess the impact of projected climate change and elevated CO 2 on SOC in agricultural systems with management adaptation. A change in SOC is a result of the net effect of the changes in SOC decomposition rates (the main C outflow) and C inputs from plants 10 (main C inflow). In a warmer climate, the higher temperature could increase the decomposition rate in both the short and long term 11. Decomposition will also be sensitive to increases or decreases in precipitation 10 predicted by climate models 8. Carbon input is mainly from root and surface residue litter that is not removed from the system through harvest, grazing or burning. Changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO 2 all affect this input through plant growth and production 6. These climatic changes are also likely to affect management practices in the future 7. Although systemic management changes are possible that can limit the impact of climate change, such as moving from dryland to irrigated systems, smaller adjustments i...
“…In areas prone to precipitation shortages or heat stress, shortening the hybrid maturity may be a risk-averse strategy. This strategy could be especially useful in areas with high summer temperatures and limited soil water storage capacity or high evapotranspiration (Liu & Basso, 2020).…”
Section: Relationship Between Climate Change and Hybrid Choicementioning
Increasing temperatures in the US Midwest are projected to reduce maize yields because warmer temperatures hasten reproductive development and, as a result, shorten the grain fill period. However, there is widespread expectation that farmers will mitigate projected yield losses by planting longer season hybrids that lengthen the grain fill period. Here, we ask: (a) how current hybrid maturity length relates to thermal availability of the local climate, and (b) if farmers are shifting to longer season hybrids in response to a warming climate. To address these questions, we used county‐level Pioneer brand hybrid sales (Corteva Agriscience) across 17 years and 650 counties in 10 Midwest states (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, MO, ND, OH, SD, and WI). Northern counties were shown to select hybrid maturities with growing degree day (GDD°C) requirements more closely related to the environmentally available GDD compared to central and southern counties. This measure, termed “thermal overlap,” ranged from complete 106% in northern counties to a mere 63% in southern counties. The relationship between thermal overlap and latitude was fit using split‐line regression and a breakpoint of 42.8°N was identified. Over the 17‐years, hybrid maturities shortened across the majority of the Midwest with only a minority of counties lengthening in select northern and southern areas. The annual change in maturity ranged from −5.4 to 4.1 GDD year−1 with a median of −0.9 GDD year−1. The shortening of hybrid maturity contrasts with widespread expectations of hybrid maturity aligning with magnitude of warming. Factors other than thermal availability appear to more strongly impact farmer decision‐making such as the benefit of shorter maturity hybrids on grain drying costs, direct delivery to ethanol biorefineries, field operability, labor constraints, and crop genetics availability. Prediction of hybrid choice under future climate scenarios must include climatic factors, physiological‐genetic attributes, socio‐economic, and operational constraints.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, demands new cost‐effective and easy‐to‐use strategies for its reliable detection, mainly in the preclinical stages. Here, we report the first immunoplatform for the electrochemical multidetermination of four candidate protein biomarkers in blood, neurofilament light chain (NfL), Tau, phosphorylated Tau (p‐Tau) and TAR DNA‐Binding Protein 43 (TDP‐43). It involves implementation of sandwich‐type immunoassays and enzymatic labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the surface of magnetic microbeads (MBs). Amperometric detection is performed after depositing the magnetic immunoconjugates on disposable quadruple transduction platforms by monitoring the enzymatic reduction of H2O2 mediated by hydroquinone (HQ). The immunoplatform achieved LOD values smaller than the content of target biomarkers in plasma of healthy subjects, with RSD values<5 %, and lower cost and shorter assay time (60–90 min) than other available methodologies and was applied to the analysis of plasma from healthy controls and AD patients.
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