Impaired motor cortex inhibition in patients with ALS

Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation

“…Patients with Parkinson's disease in the "off" state (39,49) and with focal task-dependent dystonia (50) and a dyskinetic patient with a lesion in the globus pallidus (51) showed deficient intracortical inhibition. Thus, although intracortical excitability very likely tests selectively interneuronal circuits at the level of the motor cortex (see Method section), the primary pathology may well be located at a subcortical level and affect the motor cortex through its afferents.…”

The contribution of TMS to frontotemporal dementia variants

“…Brain imaging has been used to characterize the different syndromes, allowing us to explore the involved neural systems, and helping us comprehend their pathogenetic mechanisms (4,(9)(10)(11) (12,13). It is known that an impaired cortex inhibition is considered an early feature in MND, and previous studies reported hyperexcitability of the motor cortex in atypical Parkinsonian syndromes (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). At present, however, intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory functions of motor cortex in FTLD and its variants still need to be completely clarified.…”

Saccadic Performance and Cortical Excitability as Trait-Markers and State-Markers in Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder: A Two-Case Follow-Up Study

“…Ten trials of data were recorded and the five largest responses were averaged. Pharmacological studies (Kujirai et al, 1993; Ziemann et al, 1998) had shown that for ISIs inferior to 6 ms, the conditioning stimulus inhibits the response to the test stimulus, involving GABA A receptors, whereas for ISIs superior to 6 ms, it facilitates responses with NMDA receptors involvement (glutamatergic pathway). To test these two processes, inhibitory and facilitatory, we used four ISI randomly-distributed conditions: 2, 4, 10, and 15 ms intervals.…”