Implications of government subsidy on the vaccine product R&D when the buyer is risk averse

Abstract

Highlights The risk sensitivity of the buyer reduces the incentives of vaccine manufacturers in R&D and production. The per-unit production subsidy is better with a low level of risk aversion, or a high potential demand. The more profitable per-unit subsidy may be abandoned by the government due to its instability performance.

Investigating the role of stakeholder engagement for more resilient vaccine supply chains during COVID-19

“…Especially in pandemic conditions, being innovative and ready for sudden changes in vaccine supply chains are vital for continuity of project management to have resilient supply chains. Xie et al ( 2021 ) state that it is needed to promote the production and innovation of vaccine product and to increase their social benefits. Besides, stakeholders should support by incentives to improve R&D innovations and the societal benefits of the process (Xie et al 2021 ).…”

“…Xie et al ( 2021 ) state that it is needed to promote the production and innovation of vaccine product and to increase their social benefits. Besides, stakeholders should support by incentives to improve R&D innovations and the societal benefits of the process (Xie et al 2021 ). Moreover, similar with Yong et al ( 2020 ) risk management capabilities of stakeholders are determined as the second important factor of stakeholder engagement in vaccine supply chains.…”

COVID-19 vaccine distribution planning using a congested queuing system—A real case from Australia

“…This study assumes that the utility to a hospital, , is a function of the vaccine efficacy, ), and a risk aversion coefficient, . The risk aversion coefficient represents different vaccinees’ various risk aversion behaviours ( Xie et al, 2021 ). in this vein, the utility function is a twice-differentiable function with the following properties ( Samadi et al, 2012 ):…”

Dynamic Evolution of the Zinc-Nickel Battery Industry and Evidence from China

“…Li and Ma [28] studied the price decisions of dualchannel retailers between online channel and traditional channel and used the bifurcation theory of dynamic systems to analyze the impact of delayed decision-making on the stability and complexity of the entire system. Xie et al [29] analyzed the optimal subsidy strategy offered to a vaccine supply chain. e results show that for a higher innovation effort, the production-based subsidy rate is better off if there is a low innovation cost coefficient.…”