Improved Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence-Based Determinations by Use of Continuous Reagent Addition To Remove Background Emission

Abstract

The continuous addition of reagent technique was used as an effective means for suppressing background emission in peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reactions. For this purpose, the bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate/hydrogen peroxide system and phenothiazine derivatives such as acepromazine, propiopromazine, thioridazine, promazine, trimeprazine, methotrimeprazine, and chlorpromazine were chosen. The influence of environmental factors such as pH, water content, reagent concentration, and addition rate on the maximum reaction rate was assessed in terms of background emission. The resulting method provides a linear response to phenothiazine derivatives over a range of 3 orders of magnitude with relative standard deviation of -1-3.7% and detection limits in the picomole range for some phenothiazine derivatives, in addition to a high selectivity. The proposed method for acepromazine and propiopromazine exhibits the best analytical features and compares favorably with existing alternatives in terms of sensitivity, precision, and sampling frequency. The determination of acepromazine in horse plasma was selected to validate the proposed method for analysis of real samples.Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence is a useful tool for the sensitive and some times selective determination of fluorescent analytes or fluorescent-labeled analytes in a great variety of samples.' Some examples include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coal tar extracts,2 amino-PAHs in oils3 and biomass fuels,4 dansyl-amphetamine-related compounds in urine,5 estradiol in serum,6 carboxylic acid in oxidized petroleum-based lubricating oils? etc. In the process, the fluorescent species is chemically excited by energy transfer from a intermediate formed by oxidation of an oxalate derivative [e.g., bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate reacts with hydrogen peroxide for form an energetic intermediate, 1,2dioxetanedione, which transfers its energy to a fluorophor] .This form of fluorophor detection has two major advantages over classical spectrofluorometry, namely, (a) improved selectivity resulting from the fact that not all fluorophors are equal efficient as energy acceptors and (b) enhanced detection arising from suppression of source instability and source scatter in fluorescence detection. On the other hand, one serious (1) Lewis, S. W.; Worsfold, P.

Reaction mechanism of surfactant‐sensitized chemiluminescence of bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophyenyl) oxalate and hydrogen peroxide induced by gold nanoparticles

“…HAuCl 4 was purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). Solutions of 1.0 mol/L H 2 O 2 , 0.1 mol/L sodium citrate (C 6 H 5 Na 3 O 7 ) and 1.0% HAuCl 4 were prepared by directly dissolving the solute in pure water. 0.01 mol/L TCPO was prepared in acetonitrile.…”

Ion-pair complex-based solvent extraction combined with chemiluminescence determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride with luminol in reverse micelles

“…For example, Basavaiah et al [26] reported a DL of 27 ng/mL by UV spectrophotometry. When using the hydrogen peroxide-bis(2,4,6-trichlorphenyl)oxalate chemiluminescence system [7] and tris(2,2 -bipyridy)ruthenium(II)-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence system [10], 66.5 and 240 ng/mL of DL were reported; respectively. So, the high sensitivity of the proposed method allows the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in biological fluids.…”

“…CL reactions have been reported for the determination of chlorpromazine [7][8][9][10]. Over the past few years, increasing interest has been given to the use of the reversed micellar system in CL analysis [11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Experimental Design Optimization of a Sequential Injection Method for Promazine Assay in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations

“…The increasing use of promazine in medicine has prompted the development of several methods for its quantitative determination in bulk form and pharmaceutical preparations. For this purpose, a wide variety of analytical techniques were utilized including titrimetry [ 9 , 10 ], spectrophotometry [ 7 , 8 , 11 ], chemiluminescence [ 12 , 13 ], electrophoresis [ 14 , 15 ], conductimetry [ 16 ], polarography [ 17 ], and FIA [ 18 , 19 ].…”