Improving mechanical properties of friction-stir-spot-welded advanced ultra-high-strength steel with additional water cooling

Wang, Z. W.; Ma, G. N.; Yu, Bo; Xue, P.; Xie, Guobo; Zhang, H.; Ni, D.R.; Xiao, B.L.; Y., Z.

doi:10.1080/13621718.2019.1706259

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The total generated heat during UFSW/FSW is dependent on the many mechanical parameters [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. The used term of ¨heat production ratio¨ here refers to the ratio of the total heat generated by each part of the tool in the both the regular and underwater-FSW cases [ 32 , 64 ]. The heat production rate in all parts of the tool depends on the contact area of tool parts with the base metal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to the FSW case, the UFSW stir zone appears to be more homogeneous; meanwhile, no other major defects were detected in either case. Wang et al improved final properties of friction stir spot welding of advanced ultra-high-strength steel with additional water cooling [ 32 ]. According to their report, the mechanical properties of water-cooled welds were significantly improved, and the underwater cooling condition improves surface materials flow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Underwater Friction Stir Welding of Low Carbon Steel

2021

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This article investigates the flow of materials and weld formation during underwater friction stir welding (UFSW) of low carbon steel. A thermo-mechanical model is used to understand the relation between frictional heat phenomena during the welding and weld properties. To better understand the effects of the water environment, the simulation and experimental results were compared with the sample prepared by the traditional friction stir welding (FSW) method. Simulation results from surface heat diffusion indicate a smaller preheated area in front of the FSW tool declined the total generated heat in the UFSWed case compared to the FSWed sample. The simulation results revealed that the strain rate of steel in the stir zone (SZ) of the FSWed joint is higher than in the UFSWed case. The microstructure of the welded sample shows that SZ’s microstructure at the UFSWed case is more refined than the FSWed case due to the higher cooling rate of the water environment. Due to obtained results, the maximum temperatures of FSWed and UFSWed cases were 1228 °C and 1008 °C. Meanwhile, the simulation results show 1200 °C and 970 °C for conventional and underwater FSW samples, respectively. The maximum material velocity in SZ predicted 0.40 m/s and 0.32 m/s for FSW and underwater FSWed samples. The better condition in the UFSW case caused the ultimate tensile strength of welded sample to increase ~20% compared to the FSW joint.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Underwater Friction Stir Welding of Low Carbon Steel

2021

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“…As the distance from the center increases, the hardness diminishes in proportion to the reduction of deformation, and in TMAZ, it is 2.5 times that of the BM. By adding the number of passes, the possibility of partial tempering of the martensite structure rises, and with recrystallization and grain growth, the hardness decreases [42]. As a result, in the P3 sample, the hardness of the SZ and the TMAZ reaches 767 and 469 HV, respectively.…”

Section: Microhardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the impact of multi-pass friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon steel

Moradi¹,

Khalaj²,

Ghaffari³

et al. 2023

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In this study, plain carbon steel (A216-WCB) was processed using a WC tool with a plunge depth of 2 mm, an advancing speed of 80 mm min −1 , and a rotational speed of 2800 rpm. Friction stir processing (FSP) was performed from one to three passes submerged under water at 5 • C. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and optical microscope (OM), Vickers microhardness (Hv), tensile and wear tests were used to characterize the FSPed samples. The initial grain size of the base metal (BM) was reduced from 25 µm to 3 and 5 µm in the stirred zone (SZ) and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), respectively. The microhardness increased by a factor of 4.5 and 2.5 in SZ and TMAZ compared to the BM. This may be due to phase transformation (austenite to martensite) and grain size refinement according to the Hall-Petch equation. The ultimate tensile strength was improved by 23.9 % compared to BM, which may be due to increased grain boundaries that inhibit dislocation motion. The FSPed sample had 250 % more resistance to weight loss compared to BM. The increase in wear resistance may be attributed to the increase in microhardness and fine grain structures. Increasing the number of passes had the opposite effect on hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance because the heat generated in subsequent passes leads to partial tempering of shear structures and recrystallization. K e y w o r d s : friction stir processing, phase transformation, cone valves, ball valves, cast steel, pipelines

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“…Santella et al [22] revealed the effects of shoulder geometries on the joint performance of different AHSS. Wang et al [21] adopted water cooling during FSSW to improve the joint properties of DP1180 steel. However, up to now, the interface welding mechanism of AHSS, which CONTACT Hidetoshi Fujii fujii@jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface welding mechanism and strengthening principle during friction stir spot welding of ultra-high strength C–Mn–Si martensitic steel

Wang

Morisada

Ushioda

et al. 2023

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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Solid-state welding mechanism of ultra-high strength C-Mn-Si martensitic steel during friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was clarified and interface strengthening principle was revealed. We found that the generated oxides in the interface became spherical and dispersed, which was caused by selective oxidation due to the reduced oxygen partial pressure during high welding temperature. Then, these oxides were further refined and dispersed by severe material flow around the welding interface. Consequently, the refined and spherical (Mn, Si, Al)O amorphous oxides were formed. In addition, strong material flow introduced large drive force for grain boundary migration around the welding interface, which further facilitated the migration and dispersion of the generated (Mn, Si, Al)O oxides, giving rise to a high-strength welding interface.

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Improving mechanical properties of friction-stir-spot-welded advanced ultra-high-strength steel with additional water cooling

Cited by 23 publications

References 43 publications

Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Underwater Friction Stir Welding of Low Carbon Steel

Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Underwater Friction Stir Welding of Low Carbon Steel

Studying the impact of multi-pass friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon steel

Interface welding mechanism and strengthening principle during friction stir spot welding of ultra-high strength C–Mn–Si martensitic steel

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