Improving the impact strength of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in fused layer modeling (FLM)

Wang, Lu; Gramlich, William M.; Gardner, Douglas J.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.011

Cited by 238 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…At a first glance, no big differences between the Charpy specimens printed at a T Ch of 25 °C (Figure a) and 55 °C (Figure b) can be discerned. Only the weld lines between adjacent strands appear pronounced for both the processing temperatures, as they exhibit considerably smaller crystal structures in the interface, similar to 3D‐printed PLA or vibration‐welded PP . When having a closer look to the strands (Figure c,d), though, a clear spherulite size difference is observed for the two T Ch .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To sum up, for printing/annealing times of 95 min, an increased T Ch strongly influences the crystal size of neat PP, in contrast to the expectations of ref. . Moreover, in contrast to Figure c, some of the spherulites shown in Figure d likely show the β‐modification, as a comparison to those studied in the literature suggests …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in the crystalline properties induced by a higher T Ch can also have a positive effect on the yield stress of PP . Moreover, a homogeneous temperature distribution at higher temperatures is known to enhance the diffusion between adjacent printed strands . As a consequence, the intralayer bond strength was reported to be increased for higher T Ch .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polypropylene Filled With Glass Spheres in Extrusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing: Effect of Filler Size and Printing Chamber Temperature

Spoerk

Arbeiter

Raguž

et al. 2018

Macro Materials & Eng

116

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A challenge in extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene (PP) filled with spherical particles is the combination of decent processability, excellent warpage control, and the retention of the tensile strength of neat PP. This study addresses this issue by adopting two approaches. Firstly, different size fractions of borosilicate glass spheres incorporated into PP are compared. Secondly, the temperature of the printing chamber (TCh) is varied. The effects of these features on the thermal, crystalline, morphological, tensile, impact, and warpage properties of 3D‐printed parts are examined. Smaller glass spheres (<12 µm) are found to be superior to larger fractions in all investigated aspects. Notably, the corresponding composites show higher tensile strengths than neat PP. An increase in TCh results in a more homogeneous temperature distribution within the printing chamber and promotes annealing during printing. Consequently, the dimensional accuracy of printed parts is improved. Additionally, β‐crystals and larger spherulites are formed at a higher TCh.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polypropylene Filled With Glass Spheres in Extrusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing: Effect of Filler Size and Printing Chamber Temperature

Spoerk

Arbeiter

Raguž

et al. 2018

Macro Materials & Eng

116

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“…Customized biodegradable implants can be manufactured from PLA by rapid manufacturing (RM) techniques, including FDM or 3D printing . Nevertheless, when designing a shape to be manufactured by FDM technique that will satisfy certain (bio)mechanical parameters, for example, strength, one should optimize processing parameters for the particular PLA material, such as strand diameter or layer height, infill density, printing temperature, cooling rate, build platform temperature, etc …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of FDM‐PLA Parts via Thermal Annealing

Wach

Wolszczak

Adamus-Włodarczyk

2018

Macro Materials & Eng

172

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The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of enhancing mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) samples processed by a rapid manufacturing (RM) technique by increasing PLA crystallinity degree via thermal annealing. The samples are manufactured by fused deposition modeling (FDM) at different temperatures and subsequently evaluated by three‐point bending flexural and tensile tests. The polymer processed at 215 °C is thermally annealed over its glass transition temperature in order to increase the degree of crystallinity to the maximum attainable level as measured by the differential scanning calorimetry and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The increase in the degree of crystallinity of FDM‐PLA enhances flexural stress of the samples by 11–17%. The study also demonstrates applicability of radiation sterilization for FDM‐PLA parts. Therefore, thermal annealing might be introduced into a standard RM technology of PLA, particularly for sterilizable customized implants, to efficiently improve their mechanical properties.

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“…One of these key parameters that influences especially additively manufactured parts due to their layered composition, is the impact strength . To date, only the impact strength of unfilled 3D‐printed parts made of ABS , PLA and polycarbonate have been investigated. Recently, Wang et al investigated the Izod impact strengths of unfilled PP parts produced by FFF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of mechanical properties of glass‐spheres‐filled polypropylene composites for extrusion‐based additive manufacturing

et al. 2017

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Polypropylene (PP) parts produced by extrusion‐based additive manufacturing (EB‐AM) suffer from warpage issues due to their high degree of crystallinity and orientations introduced during printing. These issues can be overcome by the addition of spherical fillers. However, the low aspect ratio of the filler and high filling degrees necessary for preventing warpage downgrade the mechanical properties, especially the toughness. This study aims at optimizing a PP‐compound containing spherical glass microspheres for the application in EB‐AM by maximizing the matrix–filler compatibility and therefore the printability, tensile properties and toughness, while still counteracting dimensional inaccuracies. A detailed study on the tensile, fracture, thermal, rheological, and impact properties of various compounds containing different glass types was conducted. It was shown that for EB‐AM applications, PP compounds based on borosilicate glass spheres outperform compounds filled with the conventionally used inorganic soda lime glass. The proposed optimized composite exhibits an exceptional interfacial adhesion between the microspheres and the matrix and a homogeneous filler distribution. It offers an improved processability and tensile properties up to the yield point comparable to those of neat PP. In a concluding impact test on printed composites, the optimized system exhibited impact energies 80% higher than compounds containing the conventionally used glass. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:638–651, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Improving the impact strength of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in fused layer modeling (FLM)

Cited by 238 publications

References 24 publications

Polypropylene Filled With Glass Spheres in Extrusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing: Effect of Filler Size and Printing Chamber Temperature

Polypropylene Filled With Glass Spheres in Extrusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing: Effect of Filler Size and Printing Chamber Temperature

Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of FDM‐PLA Parts via Thermal Annealing

Optimization of mechanical properties of glass‐spheres‐filled polypropylene composites for extrusion‐based additive manufacturing

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