In-depth analysis of optical crosstalk in single-photon avalanche diode arrays

Rech, Ivan; Ingargiola, Antonino; Spinelli, Roberto; Labanca, Ivan; Marangoni, Stefano; Ghioni, M.; Cova, S.

doi:10.1117/12.733772

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The results suggest that the diffusion time of minority carries in the deep N-well due to electrical crosstalk contributes to the further widening of the distribution. On the other hand, the crosstalk-probability reduction from D1 to D2 is greater than the theoretically expected rate of direct optical attenuation (1/r 2 )e -αr , where r is the distance from the emitter, and α is the absorption coefficient of silicon [9,15]. This also suggests the presence of electrical crosstalk, which is attenuated with a higher rate proportional to e -r2 [11].…”

Section: Noise-based Crosstalk Measurements and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measurements performed for the crosstalk assessment were "coincidence" measurements, in which detector SPADs are monitored after a breakdown in the emitter and the time differences of their breakdowns with respect to that of the emitter are recorded. In coincidence measurements, the temporal correlation of crosstalk events and the crosstalk probability can be evaluated directly, in contrast to "pseudo-crosstalk" measurements, in which the emitter is continuously reverse-biased above breakdown with a constant current for a specific integration time and the count rate of the detector is evaluated during this time [13][14][15]. "Pseudo-crosstalk" measurements have significantly shorter acquisition times; however, owing to their indirect nature, only a value proportional to the crosstalk probability is acquired, with no data on the timing relevance of crosstalk breakdown events.…”

Section: Noise-based Crosstalk Measurements and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies and experiments have been performed on crosstalk probability and its dependence on various parameters (distance between two devices, excess voltage, die thickness, etc [9, [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ), temporal correlation of the crosstalk coincidences in SPAD arrays has not been discussed extensively or has been reported with limited timing resolutions [11,12,17,19,20] (a more detailed review is presented in the Discussion section).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Jahromi

Kostamovaara

2018

Opt. Express

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As the distance between neighboring devices in large CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays is reduced for improving the density, increased crosstalk becomes an important issue, limiting the maximum practical fill factor of the array. In this study, the temporal correlation of crosstalk events, as well as the crosstalk probability, and their dependence on parameters, such as the illumination wavelength and intensity, and the distance between SPADs, are investigated via measurement of a ~45%-fill factor CMOS SPAD array fabricated using 0.35-µm high-voltage CMOS technology. The SPADs have 24 µm × 24 µm square-shaped active areas, and all devices share a common deep-N-well cathode. On-chip time-to-digital converters with 65-ps resolution are used to measure the timing of crosstalk events in "coincidence measurements." For the crosstalk measurements, the internal noise in one SPAD is used to produce crosstalk events in the neighboring devices. The measurement results indicate both optical and electrical crosstalk with the crosstalk events, having a specific temporal distribution. The crosstalk probability in the first two adjacent pixels is found to be 0.3% and 0.01%, with a distribution having full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of 700 and 400 ps, respectively. In pulsed time-of-flight measurements, when one SPAD is triggered with external short-pulsed (FWHM of approximately 200 ps) illumination, extra correlated noise in the adjacent SPADs added to the crosstalk noise, increasing the correlated noise considerably. This additional noise was a secondary effect of the absorbed laser photons deep in the substrate.

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Section: Noise-based Crosstalk Measurements and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Noise-based Crosstalk Measurements and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Jahromi

Kostamovaara

2018

Opt. Express

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“…Ideally the counting rates of two different detectors in the array should be totally uncorrelated. Unfortunately optical coupling between nearby devices causes some sort of correlation; at the device level this is due to the avalanches that are triggered in one detector as a result of the optical emission of another SPAD that is subject to current flow 13 . Measures show that the crosstalk varies from 8.1 × 10 −4 to 1.7 × 10 −3 , depending on the distance between the considered detectors.…”

Section: Crosstalkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward single-molecule detection with very compact DNA sequencer based on single-photon avalanche diode array

et al. 2008

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The development of a very-compact DNA sequencer instrument based on Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) for microchip electrophoresis is here reported. The planar epitaxial SPAD combines the typical advantages of microelectronic devices with high sensitivity. We present a miniaturized system based on a custom array of SPAD, purposely designed to be compatible with Amersham Biosciences commercial markers. This system is the first example of very compact, ultra-sensitive, portable and low cost DNA sequencer. It may represent a breakthrough in DNA sequencing system and open the way to the development of a new category of portable low-cost apparatus.

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Advances in InGaAsP-based avalanche diode single photon detectors

Itzler

Jiang

Entwistle

et al. 2011

Journal of Modern Optics

178

132

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In this Topical Review, we survey the state-of-the-art of single photon detectors based on avalanche diodes fabricated in the InGaAsP materials system for photon counting at near infrared wavelengths in the range from 0.9–1.6 mm. The fundamental trade-off between photon detection efficiency and dark count rate can now be managed with performance that adequately serves many applications, with low dark count rates of ~ 1 kHz having been demonstrated at photon detection efficiencies of 20% for 25 mm diameter fiber-coupled devices with thermoelectric cooling. Timing jitter of less than 50 ps has been achieved, although device uniformity is shown to be essential in obtaining good jitter performance. Progress is also reported towards resolving the limitations imposed on photon counting rate by afterpulsing, with at least 50MHz repetition frequencies demonstrated for 1 ns gated operation with afterpulsing limited to the range of 1–5%. We also present a discussion of future trends and challenges related to these devices organized according to the hierarchy of materials properties, device design concepts, signal processing and electronic circuitry, and multiplexing concepts. Whereas the materials properties of these devices may pose significant challenges for the foreseeable future, there has been considerable\ud progress in device concepts and circuit solutions towards the present imperatives for higher counting rates and simpler device operation

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In-depth analysis of optical crosstalk in single-photon avalanche diode arrays

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Toward single-molecule detection with very compact DNA sequencer based on single-photon avalanche diode array

Advances in InGaAsP-based avalanche diode single photon detectors

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