“…According to Liao et al (2009), SHPWS is "a system of HR practices designed to enhance employees' competencies, motivation, and performance in providing high-quality service to customers" (Liao et al, 2009, p. 373), and research shows the close link with service outcomes (Asante et al, 2022;Huang and Peng, 2022). Several studies have revealed a significant positive relationship between HPWS and performance outcomes, and as a result, scholars' attention has recently shifted to better understanding how HPWS affects performance outcomes (Ali et al, 2019;Boxall et al, 2016;Fu et al, 2019), known as a "black box issue in SHRM literature" (Jiang et al, 2013).…”