In Silico and In Vitro Analyses of Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysates from Taiwan Mackerel (Scomber australasicus) Steaming Juice

Abstract

Mackerel (Scomber australasicus) steaming juice (MSJ) can be a good source of proteins. However, it is often treated as food waste during the canning process. The objective of this study was to investigate the Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory and antioxidant activities from MSJ hydrolysates using in silico and in vitro approaches. Proteins extracted from MSJ were identified by proteomic techniques, followed by sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), in-gel digestion, tandem mass spectrometry and on-line Mascot database analysis. Myosin heavy chain (fast skeletal muscle), actin, myosin light chain 1 (skeletal muscle isoform), collagen alpha-2(I) chain, tropomyosin alpha-1 chain, beta-enolase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase were identified and further analyzed using BIOPEP-UWM database. In silico results indicated that MSJ proteins had potential bioactive peptides of antioxidant and ACE-I inhibitory activities. MSJ was then hydrolyzed using six proteases (papain, pepsin, proteinase k, alcalase, bromelain, thermolysin). In particular, pepsin hydrolysates (5 mg/mL) showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (61.54%) among others. Alcalase hydrolysates (5 mg/mL) exhibited the highest metal chelating activity (89.76%) and proteinase K hydrolysates (5 mg/mL) indicated the highest reducing power activity (1.52 abs). Moreover, pepsin hydrolysates (0.1 mg/mL) possessed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (86.15%). Current findings suggest that MSJ hydrolysates can be a potential material to produce ACE-I inhibitory and antioxidant peptides as nutraceutical or pharmaceutical ingredients/products with added values.

Fish Protein Hydrolysate from Sulfated Polysaccharides Extraction Residue of Tuna Processing By‐Products with Bioactive and Functional Properties

“…According to previous studies, a varying degree of protein breakdown and the duration of hydrolysis could result in different SDS‐PAGE profiles of recovered FPHs. [ 18 , 19 ] The protein hydrolysates of the Taiwan mackerel ( Scomber australasicus ) steaming juice (MSJ) were found to have different bands of different molecular weights between 28 and 180 kDa in SDS‐Page analysis by Panjaitan et al., [ 20 ] in which the protein was mostly above 63 kDa in defatted MSJ, while mackerel muscle proteins were present in bold bands around 35, 48, and 100 kDa. Qara and Habibi, [ 19 ] reported that hydrolysates obtained by Alcalase and Neutrase from Kilka ( Clupeonella cultriventris Caspian ) indicated higher levels of peptides with MW below 30 kDa.…”

Maximizing Use of Pelagic Capture Fisheries for Global Protein Supply: Potential and Caveats Associated with Fish and Co‐Product Conversion into Value‐Add Ingredients

“…The FDA, specifically the Centre for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), is responsible for the regulation of animal food products and has procedures to approve food additives for use, which apply to any product unless it is generally recognized as safe for that intended use (i.e., forages, grains, and most mineral and vitamins). [ 48 ] If an FPH claims: “to cure, treat, prevent, or mitigate disease, the product should be considered a “new animal drug”. Pet food, including pet treats but not pet supplements, falls under the AAFCO and these are regulated at federal and state levels.…”

“…Pet food, including pet treats but not pet supplements, falls under the AAFCO and these are regulated at federal and state levels. [ 48 ] FPHs marketed as nutritional supplements must adhere to set guidelines. They must, for example, state a known need for each nutrient ingredient represented to be in the product.…”

“…Fourthly, the labelling should bear no disease prevention of therapeutic, including growth promotional, representations. The label should not be otherwise false or misleading in any particular, and the product must not be either over‐potent or under‐potent or pose a hazard to the health of the target animal.” [ 48 ] If producing and marketing a product to improve the health of a companion animal, however, companies can state the word “health” on the label of the product.…”