In situ atomic force microscopy study of polypyrrole synthesis and the volume changes induced by oxidation and reduction of the polymer

EC-AFM investigation of reversible volume changes with electrode potential in polyaniline

“…As shown, there are very few studies of volume changes in PANI using scanning probe microscopy. Similar studies on polypyrrole (PPy) have been done by few authors [29][30][31][32]. Of the two SPM methods, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is most widely used for the study of surface morphology of various materials [33].…”

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

“…The test can be repeated under different chemical, electrical, or physical conditions. "In situ" AFM, 73,75 ellipsometry, 76 optical microscopy, 77,78 methodologies also allow determining the evolution of a film thickness during reactions.…”

In situ atomic force microscopy in the study of electrogeneration of polybithiophene on Pt electrode

“…Among the various SPM techniques, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) have been extraordinarily useful for obtaining images of the electrode surface directly, also under a controlled polarisation potential [14][15][16][17][18][19]. In particular, AFM and electrochemical AFM have been extensively used in the study of the polymer deposition process at varying the polymerisation conditions, such as type of substrate, solvent, supporting electrolyte, temperature, etc., as well as in the investigation of the polymerisation procedure [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Among CPs, polypyrrole (PPy) has been widely studied using SPM techniques.…”