In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of 25-nm Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles in Immortalized Keratinocyte Cells

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles (NPs) are massively fabricated and widely used in daily life, and thus potential risk has been posed to human health. However, the mechanism of the interaction between TiO(2) NPs and cells is still unclear. In this study, the interaction of anatase TiO(2) NPs with HaCaT cells is studied in vitro with multi-techniques. The TiO(2) NPs not only insert into cells through endocytic pathway but also penetrate into the cell. The TiO(2) NPs could produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) after dispersion spontaneously. Furthermore, the interaction between TiO(2) NPs and cellular components might also generate ROS. The ROS generation could lead to cellular toxicity if the level of ROS production overwhelms the antioxidant defense. Cytoskeletal components, particularly the microfilaments and microtubules, cause modifications upon exposure to TiO(2) NPs. With all results, the toxicological effects of TiO(2) NPs on HaCaT cell can be simplified into six events.

Assessment of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by titanium oxide nanoparticles on Chinook salmon cells

“…However, experiments conducted by the researchers on bacteria, C. dubia, have revealed that noticeable amount of ROS is generated even under dark conditions which is a confirmation of non-photo-induced effects (Dalai et al 2013;Kumari et al 2014). Anatase TiO 2 NPs have resulted in the production of ROS when exposed to HaCaT cells (Chan et al 2011). Moreover, studies conducted by Fenoglio et al (2009) have confirmed that the radical generated from of TiO 2 NPs under dark conditions increases or activates the NP toxicity.…”

“…However, the cytotoxicity caused by TiO 2 NPs in HASM and mouse fibroblast cells was found to be 100 and 3 μg/ml (Berntsen et al 2010;Jin et al 2011). Studies conducted by Chan et al (2011) proved that anatase TiO 2 NPs not only cause cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells but also induce genotoxicity. The discrepancy in the cytotoxicity is due to the use of different cell lines and their difference in secondary sensitivity of cell lines to TiO 2 NPs or the interaction of the TiO 2 NPs with different components of the cell culture medium.…”

Bioanalytical strategies for in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of the toxicity induced by metallic nanoparticles

“…Concentrations in the order of µg/L or a few mg/L are commonly used, while exposure times ranging from 24-96 hours are usually selected [6,9,40], although internalization of MNPs has been observed at shorter exposure times under certain conditions [15,41].…”

“…Malondialdehyde (MDA) formed from the breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids, can be used as a convenient index for determining the extent of lipid peroxidation reactions. MDA formation can be measured by western blot [53], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or by the traditional thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay based on the reaction of MDA with thiobarbituric acid reactive susbtances to yield a fluorescent product [41]. After cell lysis, the cell extract is mixed with the reaction solution and incubated at 90ºC for 1 h. The product formed is extracted with an organic solvent such as butanol and the fluorescence is measured in the organic phase.…”

TiO2 nanoparticles can selectively bind CXCL8 impacting on neutrophil chemotaxis

“…Consequently, considerable attention is given to both the potential hazards of NP exposures (Chan et al, 2011;Jin et al, 2011;Shukla et al, 2011;Yazdi et al, 2010) and also, contrastingly, to their therapeutic use (Holpuch et al, 2010;Zhang and Monteiro-Riviere, 2013). Many studies concerning the toxicology of NPs and their interactions with a wide range of tissues and cells continue to be reported.…”