“…Multiple studies have indicated that natural toothbrushes such as Miswak possesses numerous valuable properties from a medical standpoint, such as being antiseptic, astringent, abrasive, detergent, enzyme inhibiting, and fluoridative [ [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] ]. Natural toothbrushes from plants are preferred as they do not require toothpaste, are cheap to obtain, easy to maintain, and can even tackle bad breath [ 60 ]. Therefore, although there has been a shift to using modern brushing techniques in Traditional African societies, natural toothbrushes are still popular in many countries [ 60 ].…”