In Vivo Micro Tomography

Kohlbrenner, Adrian; Koller, Bruno; Hämmerle, Stefan; Rüegsegger, P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0651-5_20

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Further, based on values of F and calcium release rate, one cannot differentiate between response of the pre-culture irradiated and non-irradiated calvaria. This agrees with conclusions from repeated in vivo synchrotron microCT of femora of rats Lane et al, 1998) and from dose measurements in a prototype in vivo laboratory microCT system (Kohlbrenner et al, 2001). The former studies concluded that the dose received during each examination was no higher than 90 rad and that bone response was not altered by up to five such exposures over 50 days.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

MicroCT quantification of in vitro bone resorption of neonatal murine calvaria exposed to IL-1 or PTH

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Ignatiev

Foster

et al. 2004

Journal of Structural Biology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

MicroCT quantification of in vitro bone resorption of neonatal murine calvaria exposed to IL-1 or PTH

Stock

Ignatiev

Foster

et al. 2004

Journal of Structural Biology

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“…The heart rate being of the order of 5 or more heart cycles per second would tend to blur out the cardiogenic distension of arteries and the cardiac ventricles to the longest duration phase of the cardiac cycle (i.e., diastole) (10,11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-Computed Tomography of the Lungs and Pulmonary-Vascular System

Ritman¹

2005

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

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Three-dimensional imaging of the intact lung and its vasculature is essential if the hierarchical and volumetric aspects of its structures and functions are to be quantitated. Although this is possible with clinical multislice helical CT scanners, the spatial resolution does not scale down adequately for small rodents for which cubic voxel dimensions of 50-100 m are required. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) provides the necessary spatial resolution of 3D images of the intact thoracic contents. Micro-CT can provide higher resolution so that basic micro-architectural structures, such as alveoli, can be individually visualized and quantitated. Dynamic events, such as the respiratory and cardiac cycles, can be imaged at multiple time points throughout a representative cycle by coordinating the scan sequence (i.e., gating) to the cycle phase of a sequence of cycles. Fusion of the micro-CT image data with other image data, such as micro-SPECT or histology, can enhance the information content beyond the mainly structural information provided by micro-CT. Conventional attenuation-based X-ray imaging can involve significant X-ray exposures at high spatial resolutions, and this could affect the phenotype (e.g., via interstitial fibrosis) and genotype (e.g., via mutation), so its use in longitudinal studies using micro-CT may be limited in some cases. However, because of recent developments in which the phase shift or refraction of X-rays rather than attenuation is used, the X-ray exposure may be significantly reduced.Keywords: microarchitecture; pulmonary hypertension; alveoli; airways Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a rapidly developing imaging capability that has been described in detail elsewhere (1). This development is driven in large measure by the fact that because mice are rapidly becoming the experimental animals of choice for many research endeavors, there is motivation to scale clinical imaging capabilities down to the mouse level. There are several aspects to the scaling of the spatial and temporal resolution and volume scanned (2). One is to scale so as to generate a transaxial tomographic image equivalent to a clinical scan. Thus, with clinical multislice helical scanning, CT of the thorax generates 3D images that are approximately 300 to 400 mm in transverse diameter and are made up of voxels (a 3D picture-element or pixel) ‫ف‬ 1 mm 3 in volume. A "mini" CT scanner that is scaled to a proportional voxel resolution in a mouse (with a 20 mm thoracic diameter) would involve voxels ‫ف‬ 75 m in diameter. The mouse's lungs have a combined volume of about 1.3 cm 3 ; therefore, in the mouse a 3D volume of at least 2 cm 3 must be imaged to capture the entire lung. How- ever, the mouse heart and respiratory rate are much higher than in humans, so cardio-respiratory dynamic processes are much more difficult to image in mice than in humans (3) because the micro-CT scan durations are generally limited by the rate of X-ray production. If microscopic structures are to be imaged with micro-CT, image resolution...

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“…They employed two-dimensional detectors consisting of phosphor screens which were optically coupled to cooled charge-coupled detector (CCD) arrays via an optical lens or a fiber-optic taper (e.g. [15,16]). Though being inefficient, the optical coupling via lenses offers the possibility of variable image magnification, whereas fiberoptic coupling is very efficient but uses fixed magnification [1].…”

Section: Detector Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Animal Computed Tomography Imaging

Bartling¹,

Stiller²,

Semmler³

et al. 2007

CMIR

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Micro Computed Tomography (micro-CT) was suggested in biomedical research to investigate tissues and small animals. Its use to characterize bone structures, vessels (e.g. tumor vascularization), tumors and soft tissues such as lung parenchyma has been shown. When co-registered, micro-CT can add structural information to other small animal imaging modalities. However, due to fundamental CT principles, high-resolution imaging with micro-CT demands for high x-ray doses and long scan times to generate a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio. Long scan times in turn make the use of extravascular contrast agents difficult. Recently introduced flat-panel based mini-CT systems offer a valuable tradeoff between resolution (~200 µm), scan time (0.5 s), applied x-ray dose and scan field-of-view. This allows for angiography scans and follow-up examinations using iodinated contrast agents having a similar performance compared to patient scans. Furthermore, dynamic examinations such as perfusion studies as well as retrospective motion gating are currently implemented using flat-panel CT.This review summarizes applications of experimental CT in basic research and provides an overview of current hardware developments making CT a powerful tool to study tissue morphology and function in small laboratory animals such as rodents.

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In Vivo Micro Tomography

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

MicroCT quantification of in vitro bone resorption of neonatal murine calvaria exposed to IL-1 or PTH

MicroCT quantification of in vitro bone resorption of neonatal murine calvaria exposed to IL-1 or PTH

Micro-Computed Tomography of the Lungs and Pulmonary-Vascular System

Small Animal Computed Tomography Imaging

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