In Vivo study of naturally deformed Escherichia coli bacteria

Abstract

A combination of light-microscopy and image processing has been applied to study naturally deformed Escherichia coli under in vivo condition and at the order of sub-pixel high-resolution accuracy. To classify deflagellated non-dividing E. coli cells to the rod-shape and bent-shape, a geometrical approach has been applied. From the analysis of the geometrical data which were obtained of image processing, we estimated the required effective energy for shaping a rod-shape to a bent-shape with the same size. We evaluated the energy of deformation in the naturally deformed bacteria with minimum cell manipulation, under in vivo condition, and with minimum influence of any external force, torque and pressure. Finally, we have also elaborated on the possible scenario to explain how naturally deformed bacteria are formed from initial to final-stage.

Evidence of Multi-Domain Morphological Structures in Living Escherichia coli

“…coli strains 34, 35 have reported spatial heterogeneity in both symmetric and asymmetric aspects of the cell shape, within individual cells. These results are also supported by in vitro observation of Vardi et al .…”

“…To do this, first, a single-cell with LR-Symmetry was selected by measuring the radius of the left and right caps. In order to measure the radius of the left and right caps, poles were detected according to the method of refs 31, 35 . Briefly, a cell is assumed to be oriented in the x – y plane such that the width of the bacterium ( w in the inset of Fig.…”

“…2a) were determined and 417 E . coli cells with LR-Symmetry property were selected 35 . Due to the variation in the length of the selected bacteria (batch culture represents an asynchronous population with cells in all ages), the selected cells were sorted by length and divided into 8 groups.…”

“…The strain is not motile because of lacking flagella (Δ( flhC - flhA )) and the MotA-MotB complex ( motA and motB ). Cells were grown at 21 in TY medium (10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, and 5 g of NaCl per liter, and p H = 7) 35, 38–42 . The cells were kept in the exponential-growth-regime for more than 20 generations by diluting periodically in the same pre-warmed medium.…”

Shifts in microbial community, pathogenicity‐related genes and antibiotic resistance genes during dairy manure piled up

“…In this study, we found that three pathogenic genes and 40 virulence genes from human and animal pathogenic genera were significantly upregulated in manure compared with their expression in fresh faeces. Among them, the top 10 virulence genes and three pathogenic genes included the USX1 , MET3 , URE1 and Tco1 genes produced from Cryptococcus neoformans, which may cause cryptococcosis disease in either humans or animals (Moyrand et al , 2002; Pascon et al , 2004; Feder et al , 2015; Kong et al , 2017); the bpdA and CspA genes producing from Brucella melitensis may cause ovine brucellosis in animals (Zhang, 2018); the nhaA and CheA genes produced by E. coli , which may cause meningitis or infect humans or animals (Tavaddod and Naderi‐Manesh, 2016); the Fdh3 gene produced by Candida albicans , which may cause disseminated candidiasis in either humans or animals (Tillmann et al , 2015); the oqxB gene produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae , which may cause pneumonia disease in animals (Nicolas‐Chanoine et al , 2018); the VC1295 gene produced by Vibrio cholerae , which may cause cholera disease in either humans or animals (Conner et al , 2017); the RV3232c gene associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis , which may cause tuberculosis in either humans or animals (Singh et al , 2016); and the PA2414 gene associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa which may cause nosocomial infections disease in either humans or animals (Dubern et al , 2015). The results for the virulence genes were consistent with those for pathogenic bacteria.…”