Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Efficacy: Diminished Antigenicity of Split-Product Vaccines in Mice

Barry, David W.; Staton, Eldridge; Mayner, Ronald E.

doi:10.1128/iai.10.6.1329-1336.1974

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In a live BCG vaccine, there is no need for an adjuvant. However, an additional adjuvant component is important when vaccines are to be prepared from purified protein fractions (5,7,23). CD4 cells have been divided into two major types based on their cytokine gene transcription and secretion (25).…”

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confidence: 99%

Adjuvant modulation of immune responses to tuberculosis subunit vaccines

et al. 1997

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Mice were immunized with experimental subunit vaccines based on secreted antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a series of adjuvants, comprising incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), dimethyl dioctadecyl ammoniumbromide (DDA), RIBI adjuvant, Quil-A saponin, and aluminum hydroxide. Immune responses induced by these vaccines were characterized by in vitro culture of primed cells, PCR analysis for cytokine mRNA, detection of specific immunoglobulin G isotypes induced, and monitoring of protective immunity to tuberculosis (TB). The study demonstrated marked differences in the immune responses induced by the different adjuvants and identified both IFA and DDA as efficient adjuvants for a TB subunit vaccine. Aluminum hydroxide, on the other hand, induced a Th2 response which increased the susceptibility of the animals to a subsequent TB challenge. DDA was further coadjuvanted with either the Th1-stimulating polymer poly(I-C) or the cytokines gamma interferon, interleukin 2 (IL-2), and IL-12. The addition of IL-12 was found to amplify a Th1 response in a dose-dependent manner and promoted a protective immune response against a virulent challenge. However, if the initial priming in the presence of IL-12 was followed by two booster injections of vaccine without IL-12, no improvement in long-term efficacy was found. This demonstrates the efficacy of DDA to promote an efficient immune response and suggests that IL-12 may accelerate this development, but not change the final outcome of a full vaccination regime. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice. C57BL/6J female mice 8 to 12 weeks old were bred at Bomholtegaard breeding center, Ry, Denmark. Bacteria. M. tuberculosis H37Rv cells were grown at 37ЊC on Löwenstein-Jensen medium or in suspension in Sauton medium enriched with 0.5% sodium pyruvate and 0.5% glucose.

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confidence: 99%

Adjuvant modulation of immune responses to tuberculosis subunit vaccines

et al. 1997

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“…Inactivated influenza vaccines are poor in inducing cellular immunity, despite the induction of some levels of antibody [6,7]. In particular, the subunit influenza vaccine does not prime mice sufficiently to induce a detectable CTL response [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the purification of virus particles has resulted in the practical application of safer vaccines, these vaccines appear to be less immunogenic than intact virus vaccine [6,7]. For that reason, the improvement of vaccines with high immunogenicity having no side effects was required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Directed to Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Elicited by Immunization with Muramyldipeptide‐Influenza Liposome Vaccine

et al. 1995

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We examined the characterization of the antiviral T lymphocytes elicited by immunization with a novel liposome vaccine (MDP-virosome) constructed with synthetic muramyldipeptide; [6-0-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine] , cholesterol, influenza virus haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The haemagglutinin glycoprotein first appeared to induce a significant subtype-specific cytotoxic activity through its arrangement on the inner and outer surfaces of the MDP-virosome. Splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with the virosome vaccine containing H3 haemagglutinin and N2 neuraminidase from human Hong Kong virus markedly lysed H3N2 virus-infected target cells, but not those infected with virus possessing a different subtype such as H1N1 surface antigens. Exposure of these splenic lymphocytes to virus antigen in vitro further enhanced their cytotoxic activity. The cytotoxic lymphocytes generated by the MDP-virosome vaccine expressed Thy 1 and CD4 antigens on their cell surface, and these activities were restricted by class II histocompatibility gene products. The marked reduction of pulmonary virus titres in infected mice caused by transferred immune spleen cells suggested that the MDP-virosome vaccination is able to protect against influenza virus infection through enhanced cellular immune responses.

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“…To overcome adverse side effects, split and subunit vaccines are being produced at present. The disadvantage of these preparations, however, is their imrnunogenicity, which is inferior to whole virus vaccines [ Hillemann, 1977;Barry et al 1974;Just et al, 19781. Recently, McAleer and co-workers [I9791 claimed to have perfected the separation between virus particles and unwanted cell debris for the purpose of preparing a whole virus inactivated vaccine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and evaluation of a zonal purified influenza vaccine gripax

Levy

Zakay‐Rones

1982

Journal of Medical Virology

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A highly purified influenza vaccine was prepared on a large scale. The inactivated whole virus vaccine fulfills the requircments of the National Institutes of Health, Rethesda, for influenza A and B vaccines. The three strains of influenza virus, A/ England132 1/77, BiHong Kong/8/73, and AiUSSRi99177, used for the vaccine, were chosen in accordance with the demands of the WHO and the Israel Ministry of Health for 1978Health for to 1979Health for and 1979Health for to 1980. Virus strains were grown in the allantoic sac of embryonated eggs, inactivated by formalin. and purified by zonal centrifugation in sucrose. Each dose of 0.5 ml contained 1200 international units (1U) of influenza antigen (400 IU of each strain). The vaccine is higly immunogenic as demonstrated by potency tests in mice. Its immunogenicity was higher than that of commercial vaccines of a similar nature purchased at random in local pharmacies. A high dilution of 1:3125 still elicited HI antibodies in mice. No residual egg-protein contamination was detectable by sensitive immunological methods. Total protein concentration was 80 pg protein per dose of 1200 IU, ie 15 IU per pg of protein as compared to 5-8 IU per pg of protein in the commercial vaccines tested by us. Purity of a vaccine is of major importance for the prevention of advcrse side effects.

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Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Efficacy: Diminished Antigenicity of Split-Product Vaccines in Mice

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

Adjuvant modulation of immune responses to tuberculosis subunit vaccines

Adjuvant modulation of immune responses to tuberculosis subunit vaccines

Characteristics of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Directed to Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Elicited by Immunization with Muramyldipeptide‐Influenza Liposome Vaccine

Preparation and evaluation of a zonal purified influenza vaccine gripax

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