Inactivation of coxsackieviruses B3 and B5 in water by chlorine

Jensen, H R; Thomas, Kevin V.; Sharp, D. G.

doi:10.1128/aem.40.3.633-640.1980

Cited by 42 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Viral aggregate size >300 nm was observed following exposure to VANTOCIL TM TG or COSMOCIL TM at a concentration of 800 ppm (Figs 2 and 3). Based on the evidence from other studies (Sharp et al 1975(Sharp et al , 1976Jensen et al 1980;Young and Sharp 1985;Espinosa et al 2008) and our data demonstrating the formation of aggregates following exposure to PHMB, it would be tempting to associate the lack of activity of the biguanide to the formation of aggregates with the understanding that viral particles inside the clump are protected from the deleterious effect of the biguanide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Such inactivation kinetic is usually explained from either the depletion of the active biocide or the presence of 'resistant' organisms. The formation of viral aggregates has been shown to lead to the survival of viral particles following biocide exposure (Sharp et al 1975(Sharp et al , 1976Espinosa et al 2008), notably with chlorine (Jensen et al 1980;Young and Sharp 1985). The propensity of particles to aggregates depends upon surface properties and notably hydrophobicity (Persson and Gekas 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very few studies have explored the development of viral resistance during or following treatment. One of the described forms of resistance is viral aggregation whereby viral particles within the aggregate are somewhat protected from the deleterious effect of biocides (Sharp et al 1975;Jensen et al 1980). Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is a cationic antimicrobials agent used over 40 years in the health care environment, food and water industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polyhexamethylene biguanide exposure leads to viral aggregation

Pinto

Maillard

Denyer

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: This study reports the activity of two biguanides against MS2 bacteriophage used as a surrogate virus for nonenveloped mammalian viruses and provides an explanation as to their apparent limited efficacy. Methods and Results: When tested in a standard suspension test, two polyhexamethylene biguanides (PHMB), VANTOCIL™ TG and COSMOCIL™ CQ, reduced the viability of MS2 by only 1–2 log10 PFU ml−1. Exposure time up to 30 min did not affect the activity of the biguanides, although both PHMB were shown to strongly interact with MS2 proteins. Conclusions: Inactivation kinetics and change in virus hydrophobicity suggested that PHMB induces the formation of viral aggregates. This hypothesis was supported using dynamic light scattering that showed an increase in viral aggregates sizes (up to 500 nm) in a concentration‐dependent manner. Significance and Impact of the Study: It has been reported that viral aggregation is responsible for virus survival to the biocide exposure. Here, this might be the case, because the virucidal activity of the biguanides was modest and viral aggregation important. The formation of viral aggregates during virus exposure to PHMB was unlikely to overestimate the virucidal potential of the biguanides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Polyhexamethylene biguanide exposure leads to viral aggregation

Pinto

Maillard

Denyer

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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“…Chloramines are virucidal, too (51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56). Even such dangerous viruses as the Marburg virus (57), or the Ebola virus (58,59) are inactivated by chloramines.…”

Section: Ad (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The physiology and pharmacology of singlet oxygen

Stief

2003

Medical Hypotheses

127

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by many different cells. Singlet oxygen (1O(2)) and a reaction product of it, excited carbonyls (C=O*), are important ROS. 1O(2) and C=O* are nonradicalic and emit light (one photon/molecule) when returning to ground state oxygen. Especially activated polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) produce large amounts of 1O(2). Via activation of the respiratory burst (NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase) they synthesize hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chloramines (in particular N-chlorotaurine). Chloramines are selective and stable chemical generators of 1O(2). In the human organism, 1O(2) is both a signal and a weapon with therapeutic potency against very different pathogens, such as microbes, virus, cancer cells and thrombi. Chloramines at blood concentrations between 1 and 2 mmol/L inactivate lipid enveloped virus and chloramines at blood concentrations below 0.5 mmol/L, i.e. at oxidant concentrations that do not affect thrombocytes or hemostasis factors, act antithrombotically by activation of the physiologic PMN mediated fibrinolysis; this thrombolysis is of selective nature, i.e. it does not impair the hemostasis system of the patient allowing the antithrombotic treatment in patients where the current risky thrombolytic treatment is contraindicated. The action of 1O(2) might be compared to the signaling and destroying gunfire of soldiers directed against bandits at night, resulting in an autorecruitment of the physiological inflammatory response. Chloramines (such as the mild and untoxic oxidant chloramine T (N-chloro-p-toluene-sulfonamide)) and their signaling and destroying reaction product 1O(2) might be promising new therapeutic agents against a multitude of up to now refractory diseases.

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“…After poliovirus type 2, coxsackievirus types A5 and B5 proved the most resistant to chlorine exposure. Jensen et al (1980) studied the effect of chlorine at various pH levels on the inactivation of enteroviruses. Inactivation of coxsackievirus types B3 and B5 by chlorine at pH 6 was approximately half that of poliovirus.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of waterborne coxsackievirus

Mena¹,

Gerba²,

Haas³

et al. 2003

Journal AWWA

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Virus contamination of the water environment through disposal of human wastewater remains a concern for the water industry. Coxsackieviruses are the most common nonpolio enteroviruses found in domestic wastewater and in contaminated surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Although most infections result in mild febrile illness, coxsackieviruses are capable of causing a wide range of serious illnesses (including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and respiratory illness) and are associated with cases of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. A risk assessment approach was used to evaluate the potential public health effects associated with contaminated drinking water and recreational waters. An exponential model developed from human dose–response studies was used to describe the infectivity of coxsackievirus type B and estimate daily and yearly risks of infection, morbidity, and mortality. Concentrations of coxsackievirus reported in the literature were used to examine potential exposure. Although risks of infection for coxsackievirus are lower than for rotavirus, levels detected during outbreaks resulted in risks of 10–1 annually for drinking water. Risks assuming an ingestion of 100 mL per swim were 10–2 for a 10‐day exposure to freshwater. The severity of the diseases associated with this type of virus and its widespread contamination emphasize the importance of maintaining reliable wastewater and drinking water treatment.

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Inactivation of coxsackieviruses B3 and B5 in water by chlorine

Cited by 42 publications

References 18 publications

Polyhexamethylene biguanide exposure leads to viral aggregation

Polyhexamethylene biguanide exposure leads to viral aggregation

The physiology and pharmacology of singlet oxygen

Risk Assessment of waterborne coxsackievirus

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