Increased amphiregulin expression as a biomarker of cholesteatoma activity

Macias, MiMi P.; Gerkin, Richard; Macias, John D.

doi:10.1002/lary.21142

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…This was more pronounced in children in whom cholesteatomas were more aggressive than adults [82]. Another study conducted by Macias et al [83] investigated the role of amphiregulin as a biological marker for cholesteatoma activity. Amphiregulin gene expression was found higher in cholesteatoma tissues as compared to skin control tissues and the increased expression was inversely related to the stage of disease progression [83].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Bone Resorption In Cholesteatomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study conducted by Macias et al [83] investigated the role of amphiregulin as a biological marker for cholesteatoma activity. Amphiregulin gene expression was found higher in cholesteatoma tissues as compared to skin control tissues and the increased expression was inversely related to the stage of disease progression [83]. Many other proliferation markers were discussed in the literature including CK 13&16, epidermal growth factor, IL-1, TGF-α, keratinocyte growth factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, tolemerase, and Ki-67.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Bone Resorption In Cholesteatomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These factors can be used as predictors for aggressiveness and recurrence of cholesteatoma and hence can be useful in determining the necessity and timing of intervention before occurrence of complications. These factors include TNF-alpha [103,106], IL-1α [102,106], MMP 9 and tenascin [111], amphiregulin [83], MIB1 [82], and BMPs [124]. Finally, RANKL/OPG ratio was considered to be a reliable index for bone erosion in cholesteatoma [68] (Table 2).…”

Section: Predictors For Severity Of Bone Resorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis and Bone Resorption in Acquired Cholesteatoma: Current Knowledge and Future Prospectives

Hamed

Nakata

Sayed

et al. 2016

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol

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Cholesteatoma is a cystic non tumorous lesion of the temporal bone that has the ability to destroy nearby structures by its power to cause bone resorption and as a result, fatal complications prevail. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive review for pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma, bone resorption mechanisms, and offer a future vision of this serious disease. We have reviewed different theories for pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma including the most relevant and updated ones with special emphasis on the mechanisms of bone resorption through Medline/PubMed research using the keywords ‘aetiopathogenesis, bone resorption, acquired cholesteatoma, temporal bone, and cytokines.’ In order to strengthen our study, we searched the reference lists of identified reviews. Cholesteatoma is a subject of debate among otolaryngologists since it was prescribed firstly. Over many decades, several theories were postulated for aetiopathogenesis of cholesteatoma with a tendency to follow more than one theory to explain the proper nature of that disease. Until now, the mechanism of bone resorption has yet to be more clarified. In the last century, a leap has occurred in the field of biomolecular cholesteatoma research which improved our knowledge about its pathophysiology and bone destructive mechanism. However, surgery is still the only available treatment. We conclude that discovery of new therapeutic choices for cholesteatoma other than surgery by the use of anti-growth, anti-proliferative, apoptotic agents as well as medications that antagonize osteoclastogenesis should be the main concern in the future clinical and experimental research work. Also, searching for predictors of the aggressiveness of cholesteatoma can affect the timing of intervention and prevent occurrence of complications.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Bone Resorption In Cholesteatomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Bone Resorption In Cholesteatomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Predictors For Severity Of Bone Resorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pathogenesis and Bone Resorption in Acquired Cholesteatoma: Current Knowledge and Future Prospectives

Hamed

Nakata

Sayed

et al. 2016

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol

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“…In the last decade it has become obvious that there is not one gene suitable for use of normalisation for all tissue types [ 40 ]. In the field of middle ear research many different genes have been used, such as B2M [ 52 ], PPIA [ 9 ], ACTB [ 33 , 34 ], HPRT1 [ 35 ] and GAPDH [ 36 – 39 ]. Interestingly, all articles published to this date use only one gene for normalisation, even though it has been abundantly shown that this is not sufficient for reliable analysis [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…QPCR has been used in several studies related to diseases of the middle ear. However, there seems to be little consensus as to which reference genes to use for normalisation, leading to the use of several different genes without proper establishment of which genes are appropriate [9,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. To be able to obtain reliable results the use of stably expressed reference genes for normalisation is essential [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive qPCR analysis reveals altered gene expression in middle ear mucosa from cholesteatoma patients

Drakskog¹,

Klerk²,

Westerberg³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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The middle ear is a small and hard to reach compartment, limiting the amount of tissue that can be extracted and the possibilities for studying the molecular mechanisms behind diseases like cholesteatoma. In this paper 14 reference gene candidates were evaluated in the middle ear mucosa of cholesteatoma patients and two different control tissues. ACTB and GAPDH were shown to be the optimal genes for the normalisation of target gene expression when investigating middle ear mucosa in multiplex qPCR analysis. Validation of reference genes using c-MYC expression confirmed the suitability of ACTB and GAPDH as reference genes and showed an upregulation of c-MYC in middle ear mucosa during cholesteatoma. The occurrence of participants of the innate immunity, TLR2 and TLR4, were analysed in order to compare healthy middle ear mucosa to cholesteatoma. Analysis of TLR2 and TLR4 showed variable results depending on control tissue used, highlighting the importance of selecting relevant control tissue when investigating causes for disease. It is our belief that a consensus regarding reference genes and control tissue will contribute to the comparability and reproducibility of studies within the field.

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Increased amphiregulin expression by CD4⁺ T cells from individuals with asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection

Singh

Chauhan

et al. 2022

Clin & Trans Imm

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Objectives There is an urgent need to be able to identify individuals with asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection, so their risk of progressing to VL and transmitting parasites can be managed. This study examined transcriptional markers expressed by CD4+ T cells that could distinguish asymptomatic individuals from endemic controls and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. Methods CD4+ T cells were isolated from individuals with asymptomatic L. donovani infection, endemic controls and VL patients. RNA was extracted and RNAseq employed to identify differentially expressed genes. The expression of one gene and its protein product during asymptomatic infection were evaluated. Results Amphiregulin (AREG) was identified as a distinguishing gene product in CD4+ T cells from individuals with asymptomatic L. donovani infection, compared to VL patients and healthy endemic control individuals. AREG levels in plasma and antigen‐stimulated whole‐blood assay cell culture supernatants were significantly elevated in asymptomatic individuals, compared to endemic controls and VL patients. Regulatory T (Treg) cells were identified as an important source of AREG amongst CD4+ T‐cell subsets in asymptomatic individuals. Conclusion Increased Treg cell AREG expression was identified in individuals with asymptomatic L. donovani infection, suggesting the presence of an ongoing inflammatory response in these individuals required for controlling infection and that AREG may play an important role in preventing inflammation‐induced tissue damage and subsequent disease in asymptomatic individuals.

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Increased amphiregulin expression as a biomarker of cholesteatoma activity

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Pathogenesis and Bone Resorption in Acquired Cholesteatoma: Current Knowledge and Future Prospectives

Pathogenesis and Bone Resorption in Acquired Cholesteatoma: Current Knowledge and Future Prospectives

Extensive qPCR analysis reveals altered gene expression in middle ear mucosa from cholesteatoma patients

Increased amphiregulin expression by CD4⁺ T cells from individuals with asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection

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Increased amphiregulin expression as a biomarker of cholesteatoma activity

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Pathogenesis and Bone Resorption in Acquired Cholesteatoma: Current Knowledge and Future Prospectives

Pathogenesis and Bone Resorption in Acquired Cholesteatoma: Current Knowledge and Future Prospectives

Extensive qPCR analysis reveals altered gene expression in middle ear mucosa from cholesteatoma patients

Increased amphiregulin expression by CD4+ T cells from individuals with asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection

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Increased amphiregulin expression by CD4⁺ T cells from individuals with asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection