Increased risk-taking decision-making but not altered response to punishment in stimulant-using young adults

Leland, David S.; Paulus, Martin P.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.001

Cited by 97 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In contrast, several subjects in the above mentioned study (Lane, Tcheremissine, Lieving, Nouvion, and Cherek, 2005) were reported to have a history of drug abuse/dependence. We have previously shown that individuals who are at higher risk for stimulant use show increased risk-taking behavior (Leland and Paulus, 2005). This suggests that individuals in Lane and colleagues' study may have had a higher baserate of selecting risky responses, and/or that their risk-taking propensity may interact with the effects of a benzodiazepine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking related activation in limbic areas

et al. 2006

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Rationale-Several studies have examined the role of different neurotransmitter systems in modulating risk-taking behavior.Objective-This investigation was aimed to determine whether the benzodiazepine lorazepam dose-dependently alters risk-taking behavior and underlying neural substrates.Methods-Fifteen healthy, non-smoking, individuals (6 females, 9 males), aged 18-39 years (mean 27.6 +/− 1.4 years) with 12-18 years of education (mean 15.6 +/− 0.3 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a risk-taking decision-making task.Results-Our results show that lorazepam did not affect risky behavior at 0.25 and 1mg, but dosedependently attenuated activation in (a) the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex during the response selection phase, and in (b) the bilateral insular cortex and amygdala during the outcome (i.e., rewarded or punished) phase. Furthermore, a lorazepam-induced increase in insular cortex activation was associated with less risky responses.Conclusions-Taken together, our findings support the idea that GABAergic modulation in limbic and paralimbic structures is important during both the response selection and outcome phase of risktaking decision-making.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking related activation in limbic areas

et al. 2006

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“…While users in this study did not have significantly higher sensation-seeking scores, this may be a power issue given the modest sample sizes. A previous study with similar groups and larger sample sizes found both higher impulsivity and sensation-seeking scores in young adult stimulant users than in controls (Leland and Paulus, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In 2003, 18-25 year-olds were the age group with the highest lifetime prevalence of nonmedical use of illicit or prescription amphetamine-type stimulants (10.8 %), and shared with 12-17 year-olds the highest prevalence of past-year dependence on or abuse of these substances (0.4 %) (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004). Previous research has shown that young adults who have used stimulants exhibit increased risk-taking decision-making in the laboratory, relative to their stimulant-naïve peers, and that such risk-taking is related to impulsivity and sensation-seeking traits (Leland and Paulus, 2005). However, it is unclear what neural factors contribute to this behavioral difference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Young adult stimulant users' increased striatal activation during uncertainty is related to impulsivity

et al. 2006

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Background-Young adults who use stimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines) are at particular risk of transitioning to dependence. Previously, we demonstrated increased risk-taking in young adults who had used stimulants (Leland and Paulus, 2005). Since outcome uncertainty is a critical element of risk, we investigated whether such individuals have different neural responses to uncertainty than their stimulant-naïve peers.

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“…Functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies show that chronic stimulant users have significant brain activation changes in frontostriatal regions that are associated with impairments in attention, working memory, and decision making (Fein et al, 2002: McKetin andMattick, 1997;Nordahl et al, 2003;O'Mally et al, 1992;Paulus et al 2003;Salo et al, 2005). Stimulant-using individuals and stimulant-dependent individuals (SDI) show fundamental cognitive deficits and increased impulsivity when making decisions (Leland and Paulus, 2005;Fillmore and Rush, 2002;Paulus et al, 2002). Similar to other drug-dependent individuals, SDI show less self-control in decision making tasks as they discount future rewards more strongly than control subjects, that is, they tend to prefer smaller and sooner over larger but later rewards (Hoffmann et al, 2006;Kirby and Petry, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired time perception and motor timing in stimulant-dependent subjects

Wittmann

Leland

Churan

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Stimulant-dependent individuals (SDI) have abnormal brain metabolism and structural changes involving dopaminergic target areas important for the processing of time. These individuals are also more impulsive and impaired in working memory and attention. The current study tested whether SDI show altered temporal processing in relation to impulsivity or impaired prefrontal cortex functioning. We employed a series of timing tasks aimed to examine time processing from the milliseconds to multiple seconds range and assessed cognitive function in 15 male SDI and 15 stimulant-naïve individuals. A mediation analysis determined the degree to which impulsivity or executive dysfunctions contributed to group differences in time processing. SDI showed several abnormal time processing characteristics. SDI needed larger time differences for effective duration discrimination, particularly for intervals of around 1 sec. SDI also accelerated finger tapping during a continuation period after a 1 Hz pacing stimulus was removed. In addition, SDI overestimated the duration of a relatively long time interval, an effect which was attributable to higher impulsivity. Taken together, these data show for the first time that SDI exhibit altered time processing in several domains, one which can be explained by increased impulsivity. Altered time processing in SDI could explain why SDI have difficulty delaying gratification.

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Increased risk-taking decision-making but not altered response to punishment in stimulant-using young adults

Cited by 97 publications

References 44 publications

Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking related activation in limbic areas

Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking related activation in limbic areas

Young adult stimulant users' increased striatal activation during uncertainty is related to impulsivity

Impaired time perception and motor timing in stimulant-dependent subjects

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