Increases in 4-hydroxynonenal and hexanal in bone marrow of rats subjected to total body X-ray irradiation: association with antioxidant vitamins

Abstract

Summary:Radiation-induced lipid peroxidation and its association with antioxidant vitamins in the bone marrow (BM), of rats subjected to total body irradiation (TBI) of X-rays at a dose of 3 Gy was investigated. The concentration of vitamin C in the BM decreased at 4 h, and reached about 2% of the control level at 24 h after irradiation. The concentration of vitamin E in the BM also decreased to 43% at 24 h. Corresponding to the decrease in vitamin E concentration, the concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in the BM increased 2.5-fold at 24 h. Similarly, increases in the concentrations of hexanal and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) were detected in the BM. In the plasma, these parameters of lipid peroxidation were unchanged up to 48 h, but were increased at 96 h after irradiation. Four days of vitamin E administration to rats (p.o. 460 mg/kg body weight) prior to the 3 Gy X-irradiation increased the vitamin E concentration in the BM to 1.3-fold the control level, but did not attenuate the increases in HNE and hexanal in the BM. The slight accumulation of vitamin E in the BM as a result of the vitamin E treatment may be partly related to this lack of vitamin E effect. Keywords: 4-hydroxynonenal; hexanal; lipid peroxidation; vitamin C; vitamin E; radiation In radiotherapy, ionizing radiation is used to damage target cells or tissue. However, the irradiation also damages nontarget cells or tissue. Since irradiation of the body results in oxidative stress due to the formation of oxygen radicals, 1 damage due to irradiation could be controlled by antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes, resulting in successful radiotherapy.It has been reported that membrane lipids are susceptible to radiation-induced oxidative stress, and the resulting lipid peroxidation products are factors of radiation-induced toxicity, 2 although it is generally agreed that DNA is the dominant target. 3 It has also been shown that the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products is associated with degenerative diseases and aging. 4 The bone marrow (BM) is known to be particularly susceptible to radiation, and total body irradiation (TBI) may be performed several times preceding bone marrow transplantation (BMT) at a dose of about 3 Gy to kill the BM cells of the recipient. 5,6 We have reported that total body X-irradiation of mice markedly decreased the vitamin C concentration in the BM within a few hours, followed by a decrease in vitamin E concentration. 7 Such changes in the concentrations of antioxidant vitamins were not detected in liver or serum for at least 2 days after the irradiation. Schwenke et al 8 reported that irradiation of mice at a dose of 15 Gy did not increase lipid peroxides in the BM microsomes. In their study, they evaluated lipid peroxidation by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method which has been criticized for its lack of specificity. 9,10 Although the concentrations of antioxidants in plasma have been reported to decrease following TBI in humans, 5,11,12 changes in the concentrations of antioxidants and th...

Lipid Peroxidation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Liver Failure

“…Because of their ultra-short half time they are more difficult to detect in whole blood, homogenates, or breath [19,20]. Volatile aldehydes have been studied as specific markers of LPO in asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [21], ARDS [22], in bone marrow after total body X-ray irradiation [23], in diabetes mellitus [24], and diabetic nephropathy [25], malnutrition [26], atherosclerosis [27], stroke patients [13], and most recently in brain tumors [28]. However, no comparative study has been performed yet for different LPO-marker pattern between various organ failures including these volatile aldehydes.…”

Dietary Antioxidants Protect Hematopoietic Cells and Improve Animal Survival after Total-Body Irradiation

“…It was shown that the bone marrow of mice is depleted of endogenous vitamins C and E after TBI at doses as low as 50 cGy within 24 h (18). Depletion of vitamins C and E coincided with increased markers of oxidative cellular damage in the bone marrow (18,19). Irradiation with 3 Gy resulted in repletion of endogenous vitamin C and E levels in the bone marrow 1 week after exposure; however, no recovery was observed after 6 Gy TBI (18).…”

Vitamin E Prevents Increase in Oxidative Damage to Lipids and DNA in Liver of ODS Rats Given Total Body X-ray Irradiation

“…[6] We also reported that feeding rats and mice a diet containing insufficient or excess VE did not modify TBI-induced chromosomal damage or lipid peroxidation in the bone marrow. [4,7] In contrast, Przbyszewski et al [8] reported that VE treatment prevents the increase in lipid peroxide in the serum and heart of rats given gamma-irradiation.…”

“…[3,4] However, the changes were delayed for several days in the plasma compared to the bone marrow. [4] Similar delayed onset of lipid peroxidation in the liver and spleen has also been reported by other investigators. [5] Breath ethane, a marker of n-3 fatty acid oxidation, has been shown to increase on day 2 after TBI in humans.…”