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Abstract:This paper addresses the role of external effects in the process of production. We define two types of external effects: those derived from inputs external to the firm but which affect its production, and those derived from externalities that cross the barriers of a given economy. Using a production function that explicitly considers the presence of both types of external effects, we derive a cost function by application of the duality theory. This cost function includes the external effects and at the same time it takes into consideration the different relationships between inputs. Two types of externalities across economies are then addressed: those arising from interactions across regions and those due to linkages across industries. We propose the application of spatial econometric techniques to test for the presence of such spillovers. For regional externalities, we focus on the physical interaction between regions, while sectoral interdependencies are obtained through the use of input-output relationships. Some specific characteristics of the resulting empirical model (cross-section and time-series dimension of the data and nonlinearity in some of the parameters) are discussed from a spatial viewpoint. We apply this framework to the case of manufacturing industries in the Spanish regional economies from 1980 to 1991. 1 "The Whole is more than the sum of the parts, in that, not only does the interrelation of parts bring out latent characteristics in each, as in any complex, but the complex as a whole takes on a new character not explainable out of the parts" (Hartshorne, 1939).