Increasing the energy flexibility of existing district heating networks through flow rate variations

Vivian, Jacopo; Quaggiotto, Davide; Zarrella, Angelo

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115411

Cited by 40 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In order to transport a volume of liquid through a pipe, a certain quantity of energy is necessary [45]. To induce the liquid to move, there must be differences in energy or pressure [46].…”

Section: Losses In Pipementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Pressure and Loss Behavior in Water Pipes Using Smart Mathematical Modelling

Altowayti

Othman

Tajarudin

et al. 2021

Water

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Due to the constant need to enhance water supply sources, water operators are searching for solutions to maintain water quality through leakage protection. The capability to monitor the day-to-day water supply management is one of the most significant operational challenges for water companies. These companies are looking for ways to predict how to improve their supply operations in order to remain competitive, given the rising demand. This work focuses on the mathematical modeling of water flow and losses through leak openings in the smart pipe system. The research introduces smart mathematical models that water companies may use to predict water flow, losses, and performance, thereby allowing issues and challenges to be effectively managed. So far, most of the modeling work in water operations has been based on empirical data rather than mathematically described process relationships, which is addressed in this study. Moreover, partial submersion had a power relationship, but a total immersion was more likely to have a linear power relationship. It was discovered in the experiment that the laminar flows had Reynolds numbers smaller than 2000. However, when testing with transitional flows, Reynolds numbers were in the range of 2000 to 4000. Furthermore, tests with turbulent flow revealed that the Reynolds number was more than 4000. Consequently, the main loss in a 30 mm diameter pipe was 0.25 m, whereas it was 0.01 m in a 20 mm diameter pipe. However, the fitting pipe had a minor loss of 0.005 m, whereas the bending pipe had a loss of 0.015 m. Consequently, mathematical models are required to describe, forecast, and regulate the complex relationships between water flow and losses, which is a concept that water supply companies are familiar with. Therefore, these models can assist in designing and operating water processes, allowing for improved day-to-day performance management.

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Section: Losses In Pipementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Pressure and Loss Behavior in Water Pipes Using Smart Mathematical Modelling

Altowayti

Othman

Tajarudin

et al. 2021

Water

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“…Another way to pre-charge the DH network is to increase the flow rate through the pipes while maintaining a constant DH supply temperature [133]. However, to enable the desired change in the mass flow rate, it may be necessary to install new bypass pipes in the DH network.…”

Section: Short-term Tesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Measures for Dealing with District Heating Load Variations—A Systematic Review

Ilić

2020

Energies

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The highly varying character of district heating (DH) demand results in low capacity utilization of the DH plants, as well as increased use of fossil fuels during peak demand. The aim of this study is to present an overview and a comprehensive classification of measures intended to manage these load variations. A systematic literature review was conducted based on previously defined search strings as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two scientific databases were used as data sources. Based on 96 detected publications, the measures were categorized as (1) complementing DH production in heat-only boilers (HOBs), or geothermal or booster heat pumps (HPs) (usually controlled by the DH company), (2) thermal energy (TE) storage in storage units or in the network (controlled by the company), and (3) demand side measures, which can be strategic demand increase, direct demand response (DR), or indirect DR. While the company has control over direct DR (e.g., thermal storage in the thermal mass of the buildings), indirect DR is based on communication between the customer and the company, where the customer has complete control. The multi-disciplinary nature of this topic requires an interdisciplinary approach.

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“…In addition, the return temperature can be intentionally increased by the substation control. This may be done to use the storage potential of the return pipes [65], [66]. Since this would lead to lower efficiency of some heating plants such as heat only boilers (HOBs) [2, p. 139] and higher heat losses [2, p. 82], the aim is to keep the return temperature as low as possible.…”

Section: Global Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heat can be stored by preheating the network (force) or by cooling down the network below the recent supply temperature (delay) [64]. In comparison to the delayed concept, the preheated concept allows for more energy shift until the thermal comfort is impacted [66]. Further heat can be stored in the supply pipe or in the return pipe [66].…”

Section: Network Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison to the delayed concept, the preheated concept allows for more energy shift until the thermal comfort is impacted [66]. Further heat can be stored in the supply pipe or in the return pipe [66]. As changing the temperature leads to a distribution of different temperatures due to the delay of transport [199], storing heat in the network is a complex process due to the movement of the storage medium [66].…”

Section: Network Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Framework and Associated Methodology for the Design, Operative Planning, and Operation of District Heating Systems to Facilitate the Transition Towards a Fully Renewable Heat Supply

Lorenzen¹

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District heating systems (DHSs) are a mature technology for an efficient heat supply in cities. In the context of the climate crisis and the related goal of a decarbonized heating sector, DHSs play an ambivalent role. As existing DHSs are mostly based on fossil fuels, they are part of the problem. However, as they can also integrate renewable heating plants, DHSs offer a great potential to support the transition towards a fossil-free heat supply.This transition is hindered by several barriers. For example, low supply temperatures are needed for the economically efficient integration of renewable heating plants. However, since existing fossil heating plants marginally benefit from a reduction of the temperature, a lock-in effect to the established business models exists. In the current research, resolving the barriers is focused either on individual solutions for specific issues or on heat strategies for a general level. Since the barriers are strongly interrelated, district heating (DH) companies require a systemic transition methodology for their specific activities in the different fields of planning and operation. Since such a transition methodology is identified as lacking in the literature, this thesis aims to develop a comprehensive methodology that facilitates the transition in an economically efficient way.To develop such a transition methodology, this thesis introduces a framework approach that combines new and existing independent concepts and that is built on a newly developed structure of eight "DH scopes." These DH scopes classify the activities in the different fields of DH concerns. To address the planning and operation activities in DH companies, these activities are integrated into the new "framework" that is classified according to the three DH scopes "design," "operative planning," and "operation." The framework summarizes the related activities according to processes and links them using technical and economic mechanisms. These mechanisms are considered in such a way that all activities are incentivized iii in the often-stressful times. I would like to thank my friends Sarah and Michael for their feedback on the dissertation at an earlier stage.Finally, I would also like to thank my family for their support. Particularly, I want to say thank you to my parents, who have always supported me. Especially during the height of the pandemic, they supported me mentally by making certain "demolition activities" possible.Thank you all very much! Now I hope that you enjoy reading and browsing through this dissertation,

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Increasing the energy flexibility of existing district heating networks through flow rate variations

Cited by 40 publications

References 34 publications

Evaluating the Pressure and Loss Behavior in Water Pipes Using Smart Mathematical Modelling

Evaluating the Pressure and Loss Behavior in Water Pipes Using Smart Mathematical Modelling

Classification of Measures for Dealing with District Heating Load Variations—A Systematic Review

A Comprehensive Framework and Associated Methodology for the Design, Operative Planning, and Operation of District Heating Systems to Facilitate the Transition Towards a Fully Renewable Heat Supply

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