Indirect time-of-flight measurement technique with impulse photocurrent response for sub-millimeter range resolved imaging

Yasutomi, Keita; Usui, Takahiro; Han, Sang-Man; Takasawa, Taishi; Kagawa, Keiichiro; Kawahito, Shoji

doi:10.1364/oe.22.018904

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…TOF Measurement With Impulse Photocurrent Response Fig. 1(a) and (b) shows the TOF measurement methods with the impulse photocurrent response [22] using a singletap and a three-tap lock-in pixel, respectively. Instead of using the squared or sinusoidal modulated light source adopted by conventional methods, a short-pulse laser with a pulse width of about a 100 ps is used as the light source to obtain high range resolution.…”

Section: Tof Measurement With Three-tap Lock-in Pixelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using the TOF measurement with the impulse photocurrent response, the measurable range is limited to several centimeters [22], [26]. However, the limited measurable range can be expanded by using a range-shift technique in pulse-based TOF measurements [29], [35].…”

Section: Tof Measurement With Three-tap Lock-in Pixelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gates are not used for transferring signal electrons through the gate but are used instead for controlling the channel potential by the fringing electric field from the gates. Since there are no transfer gates in the channel, high-speed charge modulation can be realized, which is similar to single-tap LEFM or draining-only modulator (DOM) [22], [24], [26]. To avoid unwanted charge accumulation during the readout period, a photogenerated charge under the modulation gates is drained out into Drain2 formed beside the modulation gates.…”

Section: B Three-tap Lefm With Drainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For better range resolutions in the lock-in pixel-based TOF range imaging, we have proposed an indirect TOF measuring technique that employs an impulse photocurrent response [21], [22]. It realizes sub-millimeter range resolutions using a short-pulse laser and photocurrent response of the highspeed lock-in pixel based on draining-only modulation (DOM) [23], [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Sub-100 $\mu$ m-Range-Resolution Time-of-Flight Range Image Sensor With Three-Tap Lock-In Pixels, Non-Overlapping Gate Clock, and Reference Plane Sampling

Yasutomi

Yushi

Kagawa

et al. 2019

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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This paper aims to propose a time-of-flight (TOF) range imager with high range resolution in the sub-100 µm range. The range imager employs a TOF measurement technique that uses an impulse photocurrent response and a three-tap lock-in pixel based on the lateral electric field modulation. To reduce the clock skew of the gating clocks, a column-parallel digital delaylocked loop (DLL) with a dual clock tree is implemented with a short calibration time of approximately 42 µs. A non-overlapping gate clock generation included in the skew calibration circuit effectively suppresses the photogenerated-charge partitioning for reduced nonlinearity for distance measurements. Reference plane sampling (RPS) is proposed to reduce low-frequency jitter that limits the range resolution in the light-pulse trigger. In this technique, a reference pixel array is embedded in the same focal plane of the main pixel array to sample and cancel the correlated jitter in the light trigger. The prototype range imager with 192 × 4 effective pixels is implemented in a 0.11-µm CMOS image sensor technology. Using the RPS, a range resolution of 64 µm rms has been achieved, corresponding to a 430-fs time resolution with a 25-mm range. The range resolution has a large column-to-column deviation due to the jitter induced by the column-parallel gating buffers. In noisy columns, jitter that acts as random telegraph noise (RTN) is observed. Index Terms-CMOS image sensor (CIS), delay-locked loop (DLL)-based skew calibration, high range resolution, lateral electric field modulator (LEFM), lock-in pixel, non-overlapping gate clock, photogenerated-charge partitioning, range imaging, reference plane sampling (RPS), skew calibration, time-offlight (TOF).

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Section: Tof Measurement With Three-tap Lock-in Pixelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tof Measurement With Three-tap Lock-in Pixelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Three-tap Lefm With Drainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Sub-100 $\mu$ m-Range-Resolution Time-of-Flight Range Image Sensor With Three-Tap Lock-In Pixels, Non-Overlapping Gate Clock, and Reference Plane Sampling

Yasutomi

Yushi

Kagawa

et al. 2019

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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“…The indirect time-of-flight calculates the distance to a target by measuring the phase difference between the emitted and the reflected pulse. Since the relative ratio of the phase difference determined by two pulse signals is used for the measurement of distance, the high-precision time measurement sensor is not required for the indirect time-of-flight method [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LIDAR system with electromagnetic two-axis scanning micromirror based on indirect time-of-flight method

Chung

Lee

et al. 2019

Micro and Nano Syst Lett

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This paper presents a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system using electromagnetically actuated two-axis scanning micromirror. The distance measurement with the LIDAR is based on the indirect time-of-flight method using the relative ratio of the accumulated charges in capacitors connected to photodiode pixels, which is determined by the time difference between the transmitted and reflected light pulse. The micromirror has double gimbaled structure for two-axis actuation and circular reflection plate with the diameter of 3 mm. The horizontal scan angle of 49.13° was obtained by the resonant actuation at 28 kHz, and the vertical scan of 29.23° was achieved by the sinusoidal forced actuation at 60 Hz. The distance to multiple targets could be measured at once by laser scanning using the micromirror, and the distance profile LIDAR image was constructed by the measurement results.

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Study on the time of flight optical ranging by using direct modulation of the laser diode

Hanto¹,

Sartika²,

Rofianingrum³

et al. 2022

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Indirect time-of-flight measurement technique with impulse photocurrent response for sub-millimeter range resolved imaging

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

A Sub-100 $\mu$ m-Range-Resolution Time-of-Flight Range Image Sensor With Three-Tap Lock-In Pixels, Non-Overlapping Gate Clock, and Reference Plane Sampling

A Sub-100 $\mu$ m-Range-Resolution Time-of-Flight Range Image Sensor With Three-Tap Lock-In Pixels, Non-Overlapping Gate Clock, and Reference Plane Sampling

LIDAR system with electromagnetic two-axis scanning micromirror based on indirect time-of-flight method

Study on the time of flight optical ranging by using direct modulation of the laser diode

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