Indiscriminate use of agro-veterinary pesticides in plague endemic foci in Tanzania: potential risk for development of insecticide resistance in flea vectors

Rugalema, G. H.; Mnyone, Ladslaus L.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-36506/v1

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Some studies have also shown an association between the development of resistance in arthropod vectors and the application of agricultural pesticides. 51 In this study, resistance or tolerance of X. cheopis to permethrin and deltamethrin was detected as observed previously. 15,16 The use of pyrethroid-based insecticide formulations to control an and cockroach populations is a common practice throughout Madagascar, which also constitutes a credible hypothesis to explain the resistance profiles detected here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Tracking of Mammals and Their Fleas for Plague Surveillance in Madagascar, 2018–2019

Rahelinirina

Harimalala

Rakotoniaina

et al. 2022

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Plague, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, remains a major public health threat in Madagascar. To better understand the risk of transmission to humans and to guide targeted plague prevention and control measures, a survey of Y. pestis infection and exposure in mammals and their fleas was implemented. Small mammals were captured in five districts of Madagascar ranging in levels of plague endemicity, as measured by notified cases, from none to active foci. Blood and spleen samples and fleas were collected from small mammals for the detection of anti–Y. pestis F1 antibodies by ELISA, F1 antigens by rapid diagnostic tests, and pla, caf1, and inv genes by polymerase chain reaction. Some rodent fleas were kept alive and reared in the insectary to assess susceptibility to insecticides. Blood was also collected from 15 dogs and tested for anti-F1 antibodies. A total of 557 spleens, 484 sera, and 1,539 fleas were collected from 557 rodents and shrews. Nineteen (3.4%) spleens were positive for F1 antigen, most from Toamasina (N = 13), a historical plague focus. One dog was also found seropositive in Toamasina. Twenty-two (4.5%) serologic specimens from small mammals were positive for anti-F1 antibodies. The flea index was highest in the city of Antananarivo (8.8). No flea was positive for Y. pestis DNA. Flea populations exhibited resistance to various insecticides weakening the efficacy of vector control. This study highlights the potential use of animal-based surveillance to identify the risk of plague transmission in endemic and nonendemic foci for targeted prevention and control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Tracking of Mammals and Their Fleas for Plague Surveillance in Madagascar, 2018–2019

Rahelinirina

Harimalala

Rakotoniaina

et al. 2022

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The mode of application of insecticides is very important for optimizing their functions especially as less than 1% of these applied insecticides get to their target organisms [16,17]. The over-reliance on chemical pesticides in combating pests throughout the world cannot be emphasized, yet it remains the most efficient, cheap and most accessible control mechanism in controlling pests [18]. Danquah et al [19] reports cases of organochlorine insecticides residues in Cameroon, Ghana and India within vegetable cultivation, water resources and soil sediments which results largely due to application malpractices.…”

Section: Application Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a studies conducted in Buea by Christos et al [21] about 76.4% tomatoes farmer use inappropriate or no PPEs during the application of insecticides, while Asongwe et al [23] shows that 95% of farmers in Bamenda Municipality do not protect themselves during pesticide applications. Rugalema and Mnyone [18] reported scenarios of insecticides sprinkling at homes with the hands.…”

Section: Application Without Personal Protective Equipment (Ppe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Use and Application in Cameroon

Okolle¹,

Monono²,

Tabikam³

et al. 2022

Insecticides - Impact and Benefits of Its Use for Humanity

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Cameroon has a diverse natural environment with five agro-ecological zones that support the cultivation of many crops. The country relies mainly on agriculture, with main export crops such as cocoa, coffee, cotton and banana. The agricultural sector occupies an average of about 47 million hectares of land with different production system practices such as mono cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping etc. Biotic factors are major constraints. These biotic constraints are seriously hindering the crop production, resulting to pre-and post-harvest losses and lower yields. These pests are mainly from the arthropod, vertebrate, mollusk, weeds and nematode groups and disease-causing pathogen such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. With these constraints famers in developing world like Cameroon are forced to look for ways to control these pests and pathogens which lead to the use of numerous preventive and curative techniques including the use of insecticides. Using insecticides is not against the law but the application methods and the supply routes carried out by farmers and traders respectively might be bad. This is why this chapter reviews the insecticides supply routes, registration procedure and registered insecticides, insecticidal application with its malpractices while looking at its intoxication as well as the alternatives to the use of synthetic insecticides in Cameroon and make possible recommendations to promote judicious use of insecticides in Cameroon.

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“…En revanche, des traitements biocides visant des arthropodes ravageurs de cultures peuvent (au moins potentiellement) induire des résistances aux insecticides de synthèse chez ces puces (Rugalema et Mnyone, 2020) et aux acaricides chez les tiques Rhipicephalus/Boophilus vectrices d'anaplasmoses (Gondard et al, 2017 ;Kumar et al, 2020). Ces insecticides de synthèse ou acaricides favorisent ainsi indirectement les infections bactériennes, comme pour les moustiques vecteurs de zoonoses virales (Ratnadass et Deguine, 2021).…”

Section: Insecticides De Synthèseunclassified

Pratiques de protection des cultures en agroécosystèmes tropicaux et risques de maladies humaines et animales d’origine bactérienne

Ratnadass¹,

Deberdt

2021

Cah. Agric.

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Une revue bibliographique récente montre que les pratiques de protection agroécologique des cultures (PAEC) contre les ravageurs, pathogènes et adventices, réduisent généralement les risques zoonotiques viraux en santé publique et vétérinaire, alors que les pratiques conventionnelles (à base agrochimique) tendent à les augmenter. Nous avons analysé la littérature scientifique pour déterminer si ces conclusions pouvaient être élargies aux infections bactériennes, avec focus sur les agroécosystèmes tropicaux. En santé publique et vétérinaire, les principales infections bactériennes impactées par des pratiques de protection des cultures sont celles ayant pour réservoirs des rongeurs (avec arthropodes vecteurs, comme la peste, ou pas, comme la leptospirose), et les maladies à entérobactéries (e.g., Salmonella) et autres bactéries opportunistes (e.g., Pseudomonas). La problématique d’antibiorésistance en santé publique est peu affectée par les pratiques de protection des cultures conventionnelles. Des pratiques relevant de la substitution aux intrants de synthèse (variétés résistantes aux attaques de rongeurs ou à la colonisation par des entérobactéries ; pesticides minéraux; solarisation) peuvent se traduire par une réduction plus importante du risque sanitaire que certaines pratiques relevant de la reconception des agroécosystèmes (push-pull ; intégration agriculture-élevage). Toutefois, vu ses effets vertueux en termes de réduction des pollutions, conservation de la biodiversité et résilience climatique, la PAEC, basée sur la reconception, contribue, à des échelles spatiotemporelles supérieures, à la réduction du risque sanitaire lié aux infections bactériennes. Les impacts des pratiques de protection des cultures, basées sur l’amélioration de l’efficience des pratiques conventionnelles, sur la substitution ou sur la reconception, sur les risques d’infection bactérienne en santé publique et vétérinaire, sont sensiblement différents de ceux observés avec les risques zoonotiques viraux. Des recherches sont encore nécessaires pour concilier, dans une perspective « Une seule santé », les trois types de pratiques, afin de réduire les risques sanitaires liés aux maladies infectieuses autant à bactéries qu’à virus, parasites (protozoaires et vers) ou champignons.

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Indiscriminate use of agro-veterinary pesticides in plague endemic foci in Tanzania: potential risk for development of insecticide resistance in flea vectors

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Tracking of Mammals and Their Fleas for Plague Surveillance in Madagascar, 2018–2019

Tracking of Mammals and Their Fleas for Plague Surveillance in Madagascar, 2018–2019

Insecticide Use and Application in Cameroon

Pratiques de protection des cultures en agroécosystèmes tropicaux et risques de maladies humaines et animales d’origine bactérienne

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