Indoor PAHs at schools, homes and offices in Rome, Italy

The relationships between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM 2.5 in outdoor and indoor environments of hotels were examined in Jinan, China from January 6, 2016 to January 29, 2016. The mean concentrations of ∑PAHs for all sampling sites showed the following ascending order: suburban indoor (SUI, 39.58 and SUI were all less than 1, indicating that the PAHs were mainly infiltrated from the outdoor environment. At URI 2 , 2-ring and some 3-and 4-ring PAHs were mainly produced indoors due to cooking, whereas the 5-7-ring PAHs were mainly infiltrated from the outdoor environment. The diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that emissions from combustion of coal, biomass, diesel fuel and gasoline were the main sources of PAHs in the study area. The impacts of health risk assessment of PAHs suggested that the health risks in the outdoor environment were more severe than those in the indoor environment and the health risks in urban area were significantly higher than those in the suburban area in Jinan.

Section: Pahs Concentrations In Ambient Aircontrasting

confidence: 41%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

PM2.5-Bound PAHs in Indoor and Outdoor of Hotels in Urban and Suburban of Jinan, China: Concentrations, Sources, and Health Risk Impacts

Yang

Chen³

et al. 2017

“…The degree to which indoor air compositions are influenced by outdoor environments compared to the effects of typical indoor activities is of great concern. Samples of indoor air within homes have been characterized and compared with the outdoor air in several studies and it has been clearly demonstrated that indoor and outdoor PAH concentrations match either well or poorly depending on the urban context, the nature of the pollution source, and the meteorological contour, as well as the infiltration rate of particles to the indoors (Romagnoli et al, 2014). Krugly et al (2014) employs diagnostic ratios (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the possible sources and evaluate exposure of children to PAHs in primary schools.…”

Section: Indoor and Outdoor Pah Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

136

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of semi-volatile organic carbons that are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources therefore are ubiquitous in nature. Their main sources are both fossil and biomass fuels as well as other feedstocks used in chemical and combustion processes. Mostly the combustion processes are PAH depletion processes rather than PAH generating processes. PAHs are emitted from both stationary and mobile sources at varying levels depending on the operation conditions such as fuels, feedstock, and control devices in use as well as process parameters for example combustion temperatures.After emission from sources, the fates of PAHs in the atmosphere include partitioning between gas and particulate phases, particle size distribution, long range transport, dry and wet deposition on to water bodies, soil, vegetation and other receptor surfaces as well as resuspension from receptor surfaces back to the atmosphere. These processes are controlled by their physiochemical properties. Additionally, it is through these processes that human beings are exposed to PAHs via inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact.Dry deposition is the major process through which PAHs from the atmosphere are made available to receptor surfaces including the human respiratory system. From studies with cumulative fractions of dry deposition and size distribution for particulate PAHs, it is evident that the coarse particles are majorly responsible for the highest fraction of deposition fluxes. This is especially true for the high molecular weight PAHs, since the low molecular weight PAHs are majorly in the gas phase, which have lower dry deposition velocities. On the other hand, the highest risk for human being comes in the form of fine particles, whose mean aerodynamic diameter is below 2.5 µm. This is because the particle bound content results and particle size distributions of PAHs indicate that the fine particles have the most PAH content owing to their large surface areas and high organic carbon content. For the wet deposition of PAHs, more research is recommended for measurement of scavenging ratios of individual PAHs, since there is a scarcity of studies focusing on this issue.PAH mutagenic activity and exposure risk of humans can be estimated using the deposition rates, toxicity levels based on benzo(a)pyrene, or biomarkers such as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Other parameters that have been used to evaluate the risks of various exposure groups include inhalation exposure levels (IEL), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and estimation of maximum consumption time (t max ). Highway toll workers, back carbon workers and food vendors in night markets are among susceptible groups identified using these biomarkers and exposure parameters.To reduce exposure to human beings, PAH emissions need to be controlled at the sources. Control and reduction of PAH emissions from various sources involves largely altering the fuel and feedstock characteristics, using air pollution control devices and/or adjustin...

“…The indoor/outdoor relationship studies of PM species showed that major chemical components, including organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), water soluble ions, and metal elements in indoor PM 2.5 were greatly influenced by outdoor sources (Lim et al, 2011;Cao et al, 2012;Hassanvand et al, 2014). For trace organic matter (OM), however, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were affected by both outdoor sources and heating processes inside apartments (Romagnoli et al, 2014), and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were dominated by indoor sources . Although the pollution of PM 2.5 in indoor environment has obtained increasing concern in recent years, few studies have been conducted to investigate the characteristics and relationship between indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 during different pollution periods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Relationships between Indoor and Outdoor PM2.5 in Beijing: A Residential Apartment Case Study

Han

et al. 2016

In order to understand the characteristics and relationships between indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 during the heating period of 2014 in Beijing, the investigation of PM 2.5 and associated species including organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), water soluble ions, metal elements and trace organic matter (OM) were undertaken at a residential apartment. The average PM 2.5 concentration was 55.2 ± 47.3 µg m -3 for indoor and 100.4 ± 82.1 µg m -3 for outdoor, and the indoor PM 2.5 was found to be mainly from outdoors. OM and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 were the dominated components of PM 2.5 , accounted for 71.5% in indoor PM 2.5 and 52.4% in outdoor PM 2.5 , followed by fine soil and NH 4 NO 3 (23.7% and 27.9%). The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration was 187.3 ng m -3 and 387.0 ng m -3 , and the phthalic acid esters (PAEs) concentration reached 1054.2 ng m -3 and 515.3 ng m -3 , for indoor and outdoor, respectively. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) only existed indoors (5.5 ng m -3 ). HCB and most PAEs in indoor PM 2.5 were dominated by indoor sources whereas other species were greatly influenced by outdoor sources especially during the pollution period.