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Defect-enhanced selective ion transport within a generator made from an ionic liquid film supported by ZIF-8-based membranes enables high-performance moisture energy harvesting.

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In order to understand the characteristics and relationships between indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 during the heating period of 2014 in Beijing, the investigation of PM 2.5 and associated species including organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), water soluble ions, metal elements and trace organic matter (OM) were undertaken at a residential apartment. The average PM 2.5 concentration was 55.2 ± 47.3 µg m -3 for indoor and 100.4 ± 82.1 µg m -3 for outdoor, and the indoor PM 2.5 was found to be mainly from outdoors. OM and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 were the dominated components of PM 2.5 , accounted for 71.5% in indoor PM 2.5 and 52.4% in outdoor PM 2.5 , followed by fine soil and NH 4 NO 3 (23.7% and 27.9%). The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration was 187.3 ng m -3 and 387.0 ng m -3 , and the phthalic acid esters (PAEs) concentration reached 1054.2 ng m -3 and 515.3 ng m -3 , for indoor and outdoor, respectively. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) only existed indoors (5.5 ng m -3 ). HCB and most PAEs in indoor PM 2.5 were dominated by indoor sources whereas other species were greatly influenced by outdoor sources especially during the pollution period.