Indoor phthalate concentration and exposure in residential and office buildings in Xi'an, China

Wang, Xin-ke; Wei, Tao; Xu, Ying; Feng, Jiangtao; Wang, Fenghao

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.018

Cited by 163 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Due to their low volatility, the emitted phthalates tend to sorb strongly to interior surfaces and indoor particles. As a result, phthalates have become ubiquitous in indoor environments . Recent reviews on the health effects of phthalates suggest that exposure to phthalates may result in profound and irreversible changes in the male reproductive system, increase prenatal mortality, and is related to asthma, allergies, and airway diseases in children .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A general mechanistic model for predicting the fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments

Liang

Wang

et al. 2018

Indoor Air

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A mechanistic model that considers particle dynamics and their effects on surface emissions and sorptions was developed to predict the fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments. A controlled case study was conducted in a test house to evaluate the model. The model‐predicted evolving concentrations of benzyl butyl phthalate in indoor air and settled dust and on interior surfaces are in good agreement with measurements. Sensitivity analysis was performed to quantify the effects of parameter uncertainties on model predictions. The model was then applied to a typical residential environment to investigate the fate of di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and the factors that affect its transport. The predicted steady‐state DEHP concentrations were 0.14 μg/m3 in indoor air and ranged from 80 to 46 000 μg/g in settled dust on various surfaces, which are generally consistent with the measurements of previous studies in homes in different countries. An increase in the mass concentration of indoor particles may significantly enhance DEHP emission and its concentrations in air and on surfaces, whereas increasing ventilation has only a limited effect in reducing DEHP in indoor air. The influence of cleaning activities on reducing DEHP concentration in indoor air and on interior surfaces was quantified, and the results showed that DEHP exposure can be reduced by frequent and effective cleaning activities and the removal of existing sources, though it may take a relatively long period of time for the levels to drop significantly. Finally, the model was adjusted to identify the relative contributions of gaseous sorption and particulate‐bound deposition to the overall uptake of semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) by indoor surfaces as functions of time and the octanol‐air partition coefficient (Koa) of the chemical. Overall, the model clarifies the mechanisms that govern the emission of phthalates and the subsequent interactions among air, suspended particles, settled dust, and interior surfaces. This model can be easily extended to incorporate additional indoor source materials/products, sorption surfaces, particle sources, and room spaces. It can also be modified to predict the fate and transport of other SVOCs, such as phthalate‐alternative plasticizers, flame retardants, and biocides, and serves to improve our understanding of human exposure to SVOCs in indoor environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A general mechanistic model for predicting the fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments

Liang

Wang

et al. 2018

Indoor Air

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“…Figure shows the experimental setup for assessing airborne particles exposed to SVOC. This study selected DEHP as the target SVOC, which has a high detection frequency in domestic dust samples and high impacts on health, according to previous studies . The experimental equipment consisted of an airborne particle generator, a DEHP aging chamber, and a sampler for separating the DEHP gas/particle phases.…”

Section: Methods For Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the mechanism of SVOC adsorption onto airborne particles in indoor air

Kondo

Kagi

Namiki

2018

Japan Architectural Review

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Semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOC), such as di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), not only cause chemical sensitivity but can also trigger asthma. SVOCs are adsorbed onto airborne particles as well as gas‐phase molecules in indoor air, owing to their low vapor pressure. Therefore, 3 models are suggested to evaluate partitioning between the gaseous and particulate phases using data from previous studies. In this study, the characteristics of each model were extracted, and the mechanisms of DEHP adsorption onto test airborne particles were investigated under controlled temperature, airborne test particle concentration, and air exchange rate conditions in a chamber. The total DEHP concentration increased from 1.6 to 25.6 μg/m3 as the chamber temperature increased from 15 to 35°C. However, the particulate DEHP ratio φ decreased with the increase in temperature. The high airborne particle concentration caused an increase in the particulate DEHP concentration. Moreover, the estimates based on the Junge model corresponded well with the results of these experiments, whereas the Mackay and Pankow models overestimated the values of φ compared to the results of these experiments. These results indicate that particulate surface concentration is related to the DEHP adsorption mechanism onto airborne particles.

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“…A number of field campaigns have been conducted to measure air concentrations of SVOCs in indoor (Blanchard et al, 2014;Kolarik et al, 2008;Trabue et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2014 andXu et al, 2014) and outdoor environments (Albinet et al, 2007;Chao et al, 2003;He and Balasubramanian, 2010;MacLeod et al, 2007 andXie et al, 2014b). The fate and transport of SVOCs, as well as human exposures to them, can be influenced significantly by gas/particle partitioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several field measurements were conducted to determine the gas/particle partitioning for SVOCs (Cincinelli et al, 2014;Saral et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2014 andXie et al, 2014a,b). In those studies, filter-sorbent samplers were used extensively, in which air was pulled through a filter to collect the particle-phase SVOCs and then followed by a sorbent to collect the gas fraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and analysis of sampling artifacts in measurements of gas-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic contaminants using filter-sorbent samplers

Indoor phthalate concentration and exposure in residential and office buildings in Xi'an, China

Cited by 163 publications

References 33 publications

A general mechanistic model for predicting the fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments

A general mechanistic model for predicting the fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments

Study on the mechanism of SVOC adsorption onto airborne particles in indoor air

Modeling and analysis of sampling artifacts in measurements of gas-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic contaminants using filter-sorbent samplers

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