Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response against Recombinant HBsAg Protein Entrapped in Docosahexaenoic Acid Nanovesicles through Biomarkers

Abstract

The present study focused on demonstrating the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity through the establishment of a cytokine network. We hypothesized the anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, and IgE antibody levels after vaccination with lyophilized recombinant HBsAg-loaded docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles (LRPDNV), and the efficacy compared well with standard commercial recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. The cytokine network was efficiently regulated by striking a balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8R, and IL-12 and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ immune response on the 14th and 30th day after primary and booster immunization. The acute phase protein CRP level was increased due to IL-6 after immunizing with LRPDNV. On the other hand, the IgE level was not significantly increased to induce any allergic reactions after immunization with LRPDNV. The study concluded that after immunizing with LRPDNV, a significant immunological response was established, implying that DHA nanovesicles have significant potential as an adjuvant method for delivering recombinant HBsAg protein. On the other hand, following immunization with LRPDNV, the IgE level was not noticeably elevated enough to cause any adverse reactions. The study concludes that a robust immune response was developed after immunizing with LRPDNV and suggests that DHA nanovesicles have much potential to deliver recombinant HBsAg protein.

Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations

“…This recognition occurs through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) present in these cells, which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or dangerassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs) displayed on the nanoparticles [202,[204][205][206]. Interaction between vaccine nanoparticles and innate immune cells triggers the release of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators [207]. This activation leads to the recruitment of immune cells to the administration site.…”

“…Antigen presentation by APCs triggers B cell activation, resulting in antibody production. The sustained release of antigens from nanoparticles can provide prolonged stimulation, leading to robust and long-lasting antibodies [207][208][209].…”

“…In addition, the biodegradable properties of these substances prevent their accumulation within the human body, hence preserving a crucial safety profile necessary for the effective utilization of vaccines. [207,210,211] 2.…”

“…This activation may contribute to diseases such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. [207,212] 3.…”

“…Studies have demonstrated the potential of docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles for the delivery of recombinant HBsAg. Encapsulation of HBsAg in docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles has been shown to increase its stability and immunogenicity, resulting in better antibody responses compared to conventional vaccine formulations [207,210]. Table 5.…”