Industrial Production of Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs): Big Knowledge Gaps Need to Be Filled?

Huang, Jianan; Ye, Langjie; Fang, Mingliang; Su, Guanyong

doi:10.1007/s00128-021-03454-7

Cited by 120 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…After being released into the environment, OPEs may transfer through the food chain and finally to the consumed foodstuffs, resulting in the residues of these compounds in the food itself. In 2020, the APVs of TEP, TnBP, TiBP, TCEP, TPhP, TCIPP, CDP, EHDPP, TCrP, TBOEP, TDCIPP, and RDP in China were estimated to be 64,694, 14,907, 33,293, 30,957, 14,493, 44,681, 9,625, 500, 9,675, 22,236, 11,506, and 3,000 tons, respectively, which can be considered as the background pollution of OPEs in the environment. Under this context, the correlation analysis between the concentrations of OPEs in foods and their APVs was used to compare the composition profiles of OPEs between these two aspects quantitively, and a significant correlation may reflect the significance of natural source of foodborne OPEs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As primarily used flame retardants in the world, phosphorus-based flame retardants are widely produced with a global consumption of 797,234 tons in 2017, which is much higher than that of bromine-based flame retardant chemicals (492,012 tons) . According to a recent investigation, the annual production volumes (APVs) of organophosphate esters (OPEs) was estimated as 363,003 tons in China in 2020 . In addition to flame retardants, OPEs are also physically mixed in industrial products to act as plasticizers, floor polish, and antifoaming agents .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 According to a recent investigation, the annual production volumes (APVs) of organophosphate esters (OPEs) was estimated as 363,003 tons in China in 2020. 2 In addition to flame retardants, OPEs are also physically mixed in industrial products to act as plasticizers, floor polish, and antifoaming agents. 3 Accordingly, they are easily released into the surrounding environment and induce ecological risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Organophosphate Esters in Foodstuffs from Multiple Provinces in China: Possible Sources during Food Processing and Implications for Human Exposure

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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With increasing application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants and plasticizers in the world, the health and ecological risks posed by these chemicals have raised people's concern over the years. Despite the fact that dietary intake is an important pathway for human exposure to OPEs, monitoring on OPEs in foodstuffs is scarce. In this study, we measured 14 OPEs in both packaged (n = 229) and fresh (n = 58) foodstuffs collected across China with a new method that was developed by two-stage solid-phase extraction. The total concentrations of OPEs (ΣOPEs) in 12 categories of packaged foodstuffs and 5 categories of fresh foodstuffs were in the range of 0.212−273 ng/g wet weight (ww) [geometric mean (GM): 5.06 ng/g ww] and 0.189−2.82 ng/g ww (GM: 0.618 ng/g ww), respectively. Significantly higher levels of ΣOPEs were found in packaged food categories of fruits and meat than those in the corresponding fresh ones, implying the extra introduction of OPEs during the processing and storage of foodstuffs. Correlation analysis showed that the GM concentrations of individual OPEs in animal-derived foods with few industrial processing were positively correlated with their annual production volumes in China in 2020, emphasizing the significance of natural sources of OPEs in these food samples. Elevated levels of ΣOPEs (range: 8.94−4120 and GM: 274 ng/g) were found in foodpackaging materials, and the predominant OPE analogues were consistent with those found in packaged food samples. The result implies that the food-packaging material can be an important contamination source of OPEs in packaged foodstuffs, which is in particular true for triphenyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. The median daily intake of ΣOPEs via food was estimated as 65.4 ng/kg bw/day for adults in China, and the category of cereals was the major contributor (72.7%) of the dietary exposure to OPEs. The exposure risk of OPEs via food intake was generally low for the Chinese population. Overall, this study establishes a baseline concentration for OPEs in Chinese foodstuffs and uncovers food contact material as a potential source of OPEs in foods. It is expected that the research in terms of food safety and OPE contamination will benefit from this work.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate Esters in Foodstuffs from Multiple Provinces in China: Possible Sources during Food Processing and Implications for Human Exposure

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…2,4 China has become a major producer and market of OPEs, accounting for 55% of the global manufacturers and a production amount of 360 kt OPEs in 2020. 5 In recent years, organophosphate diesters (OPdEs), as the biological or abiotic transformation product of OPEs, are also reported to have direct industrial applications with an estimated annual production of more than 17 kt. 6 In products, most OPEs do not form chemical bonds with the applied materials and are thus readily released through diffusion, abrasion, volatilization, or leaching during the production, usage, and disposal.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Novel Organophosphate Esters in Hydroponic Lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.): Biotransformation and Acropetal Translocation

Yao

Chen

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The absorption, translocation, and biotransformation behaviors of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and diesters (OPdEs) in a hydroponic system were investigated. The lateral root was found as the main accumulation and biotransformation place of OPEs and OPdEs in lettuce. The nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed five hydroxylated metabolites and five conjugating metabolites in the OPE exposure group, among which methylation, acetylation, and palmitoyl conjugating OPEs were reported as metabolites for the first time. Particularly, methylation on phosphate can be a significant process for plant metabolism, and methyl diphenyl phosphate (MDPP) accounted for the majority of metabolites. The translocation factor values of most identified OPE metabolites are negatively associated with their predicted logarithmic octanol–water partitioning coefficient (log K ow) values (0.75–2.45), indicating that hydrophilicity is a dominant factor in the translocation of OPE metabolites in lettuce. In contrast, palmitoyl conjugation may lead to an enhanced acropetal translocation and those with log K ow values < 0 may have limited translocation potential. Additionally, OPE diesters produced from the biotransformation of OPEs in lettuce showed a higher acropetal translocation potential than those exposed directly. These results further emphasize the necessity to consider biotransformation as an utmost important factor in the accumulation and acropetal translocation potential of OPEs in plants.

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“…Compelling work by the National Toxicology Program [ 33 , 34 ], along with experimental and epidemiological data [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], suggest they too have the potential to be developmentally neurotoxic, prompting some to label them “regrettable substitutes” [ 41 , 42 ]. Because organophosphate esters used as FRs were used in other applications dating back decades, human exposure also dates back decades and has been increasing over time [ 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and Combined Effects of Paternal Deprivation and Developmental Exposure to Firemaster 550 on Socio-Emotional Behavior in Prairie Voles

Gillera

Marinello

Nelson

et al. 2022

Toxics

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The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is rapidly rising, suggesting a confluence of environmental factors that are likely contributing, including developmental exposure to environmental contaminants. Unfortunately, chemical exposures and social stressors frequently occur simultaneously in many communities, yet very few studies have sought to establish the combined effects on neurodevelopment or behavior. Social deficits are common to many NDDs, and we and others have shown that exposure to the chemical flame retardant mixture, Firemaster 550 (FM 550), or paternal deprivation impairs social behavior and neural function. Here, we used a spontaneously prosocial animal model, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), to explore the effects of perinatal chemical (FM 550) exposure alone or in combination with an early life stressor (paternal absence) on prosocial behavior. Dams were exposed to vehicle (sesame oil) or 1000 µg FM 550 orally via food treats from conception through weaning and the paternal absence groups were generated by removing the sires the day after birth. Adult offspring of both sexes were then subjected to open-field, sociability, and a partner preference test. Paternal deprivation (PD)-related effects included increased anxiety, decreased sociability, and impaired pair-bonding in both sexes. FM 550 effects include heightened anxiety and partner preference in females but reduced partner preference in males. The combination of FM 550 exposure and PD did not exacerbate any behaviors in either sex except for distance traveled by females in the partner preference test and, to a lesser extent, time spent with, and the number of visits to the non-social stimulus by males in the sociability test. FM 550 ameliorated the impacts of parental deprivation on partner preference behaviors in both sexes. This study is significant because it provides evidence that chemical and social stressors can have unique behavioral effects that differ by sex but may not produce worse outcomes in combination.

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Industrial Production of Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs): Big Knowledge Gaps Need to Be Filled?

Cited by 120 publications

References 50 publications

Organophosphate Esters in Foodstuffs from Multiple Provinces in China: Possible Sources during Food Processing and Implications for Human Exposure

Organophosphate Esters in Foodstuffs from Multiple Provinces in China: Possible Sources during Food Processing and Implications for Human Exposure

Identification of Novel Organophosphate Esters in Hydroponic Lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.): Biotransformation and Acropetal Translocation

Individual and Combined Effects of Paternal Deprivation and Developmental Exposure to Firemaster 550 on Socio-Emotional Behavior in Prairie Voles

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