Infection of Goose with Genotype VIId Newcastle Disease Virus of Goose Origin Elicits Strong Immune Responses at Early Stage

Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a highly contagious disease of birds that is responsible for heavy economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known about host-virus interactions in waterfowl, goose. In this study, we aim to characterize the host immune response in goose, based on the previous reports on the host response to NDV in chickens. Here, we evaluated viral replication and mRNA expression of 27 immune-related genes in 10 tissues of geese challenged with a genotype VIId NDV strain of goose origin (go/CH/LHLJ/1/06). The virus showed early replication, especially in digestive and immune tissues. The expression profiles showed up-regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)1–3, 5, 7, and 15, avian β-defensin (AvBD) 5–7, 10, 12, and 16, cytokines [interleukin (IL)-8, IL-18, IL-1β, and interferon-γ], inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and MHC class I in some tissues of geese in response to NDV. In contrast, NDV infection suppressed expression of AvBD1 in cecal tonsil of geese. Moreover, we observed a highly positive correlation between viral replication and host mRNA expressions of TLR1-5 and 7, AvBD4-6, 10, and 12, all the cytokines measured, MHC class I, FAS ligand, and iNOS, mainly at 72 h post-infection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that NDV infection induces strong innate immune responses and intense inflammatory responses at early stage in goose which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.

Comparative analysis of early immune responses induced by two strains of Newcastle disease virus in chickens

“…Fourteen AvBDs have been identified in chickens to date, and are considered as key components of the host innate immune response against pathogens, and potentially provide a link between innate and adaptive immunities. In agreement with the present observations, expression levels of AvBDs were upregulated in tissues of various avian species infected with NDV strains of pigeon or goose origin (Li et al., ; Xu et al., ), as well as with other avian viruses (Ma et al., , ; Xu et al., ). However, differences in their expression levels in chickens infected with different NDV strains have not previously been studied.…”

“…TLRs can respond to viral infection in both mammals and birds, and produce antiviral factors that help inhibit viral replication (Kapczynski et al., ; Li et al., ; Xu et al., ). Consistent with this observation, the present study showed that expression levels of most TLRs were significantly upregulated in some chicken tissues at 48 hr after infection with either GD or F48E9.…”

“…Viruses were purified and propagated as described by Xu et al. (). Infective allantoic fluid containing virus was harvested and stored at −70°C until use.…”

“…In the past several years, innate immune responses to different strain of virus infections have been studied. Different expression levels of TLRs, cytokines, avian β‐defensins (AvBDs) have been detected in tissues following challenge of chickens, geese, and pigeon with different strains of NDV (Abdel‐Mageed, Isobe, & Yoshimura, ; Li et al., ; Xu et al., ; Yan et al., ). In addition, innate immune response to some other avian virus infection have been also reported, such as innate immunity of duck against duck hepatitis virus (Ma et al., , ), innate immunity of chicken against infectious bronchitis virus (Xu et al., ).…”

Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special focus on waterfowl

“…Similarly, a study of the Zhong et al [49] has demonstrated the upregulation of the viperin (an IFN stimulated gene) in the DEFs and also in the spleen, kidneys, liver, brain, and blood of Changbai ducks infected with G7 APMV-1 through intranasal or intramuscular route. Experimental infection of geese with genotype VII APMV-1 upregulate the expression of TLR 1-3, 5, 7, and 15, avian β-defensin 5-7, 10, 12, and 16, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, and MHC class I in different tissues [50].…”