“…There is a large body of literature examining the asymmetric response of decreases and increases in the cost of crude oil, although the results are not uniform. Borenstein et al (1997), Balke et al (1998, together with Al-Gudhea et al (2007) and Blair et al (2017) for the U.S., Bacon (1991) for the U.K., and Grasso and Manera (2007) for France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the U.K. find relatively favorable evidence for the existence of the asymmetry (see also Kpodar and Abdallah, 2017), while Norman andShin (1991), Bachmeier andGriffin (2003) for the U.S. and Godby et al (2000) for Canada report a symmetric response of retail gasoline prices to world crude oil price changes (see also López-Villavicencio and Pourroy, 2019). In his well-designed metaanalysis, Perdiguero-Garcia (2013) illustrates that the conflicting results reported in empirical studies may be due to various factors ranging from the estimation method used to the timefrequency of data.…”