Influence of Cations and Total Protein of Urine on the Solubility and Probability of Urate Stone Formation in Kidneys

Abstract

The solubility of uric acid kidney stones has been studied in water solutions containing ammonium ions, alkaline ions and alkaline earth metals. It was shown that the solubility of uric acid stones depends on the concentration of these cations. The shape of the dependence curve of uric acid stone solubility in solutions containing cations of ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium has an extreme character. It was shown that a maximal balanced solubility of stones occurs in solutions in which the concentrations and ratios of the cations concentrations are equal to their ‘normal’ value in the urine of healthy persons. The solubility dependence of stones on ammonium ions does not show any extreme and is well approximated with the exponent. Correlation analysis of the above-mentioned cations and also of total protein in urine was carried out in healthy people and patients with uric acid stones. The relationship was determined between the concentrations of cations and total protein in urine, and the formation of uric acid stones in human kidneys.

A New Perspective for Litholysis? Influence of Amines on the Solubility of Kindney Stones in Vitro

“…When comparing the course of dependence S HUr =f([NH 4 + ]) in fig- 4 with the peculiarities of dissolution of uric acid stones in multicomponent salt systems, it is notable that availability of alkaline and alkaline-earth metal ions with simultaneous existence of ammonium ion leads to increase equilibrium solubility of uric acid stones. It is in complete conformity with previous results [1,5], in which it had been shown that, maximal S HUr in salt-solutions corresponds to "normal" concentration of cations in urine of healthy person. The role of amines in the systems, which were studied, is to increase supplementarily S HUr and to stabilize the process of dissolution of stones.…”

A New Perspective for Litholysis? Influence of Amines on the Solubility of Kindney Stones in Vitro

“…In Figure 1 complete conformity with previous results [1,5], in which it had been shown that, maximal S HUr in salt-solutions corresponds to "normal" concentration of cations in urine of healthy person. The role of amines in the systems, which were studied, is to increase supplementarily S HUr and to stabilize the process of dissolution of stones.…”

“…Introduction. In our previous report we studied the influence of some anions and cations ([Cat n+ ]) (ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) on the solubility (S) of uric acid (HUr) stones [1]. It was shown that, in water solutions, equilibrium solubility of uric acid stones in greater extent depends on the concentration of above mentioned cations.…”

Label-free Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Differentially Regulated Proteins Influencing Urolithiasis

“…Among the proteins we observed to be up-regulated in the stone-formers, both ceruloplasmin and superoxide dismutase have been reported to be up-regulated in gene microarrays of rodent models of stone disease (21, 47). Both superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin have multiple cationic binding sites (48) and it has been suggested that urinary cationic concentration alters the solubility of stone crystals (49, 50). Ceruloplasmin has been best characterized for its role in copper transport and iron metabolism (9), however, we have not explored the role of these mechanisms in stone crystallization.…”