Influence of cellulose II polymorph nanowhiskers on bio-based nanocomposite film from Jatropha oil polyurethane

Abstract

Green polyurethane from plant oil-based such as Jatropha oil has recently received attention due to its environmental friendliness and sustainability. With incorporation of nanocellulose even though at low loadings in polymer matrices has shown a significant improvement. However, limited research has been done on different cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) polymorphs and their impact on composites. A number of studies have shown that the handling of cellulose polymorph also improves the properties of composite products as the cellulose II is more chemically reactive and thermodynamically stable than cellulose I. The aim this study is to investigate the effect of CNW with cellulose II polymorph in Jatropha oil-based polyurethane (JOPU). Different weight percent of CNW-II (0.1–1.5 wt%) were incorporated into JOPU films using vacuum rotavap and film casting. The total weight of 6 g was used as a fixed ratio (1:3) matrix of 4.4’-diphenyl-methane diisocyanate (MDI) and Jatropha-oil polyol (JO). The acid hydrolysis process was subjected to mercerised microcrystalline cellulose (MMCC) for the production of CNW-II. X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to confirm cellulose II lattice of CNW-II. The CNW-II morphology was analysed using the transmission electron microscope. It was found that CNW-II had a granule-like shape with an average size of 74.04 nm in length and 21.36 nm in width. The translucency and colour of the film have also been tested by optical light microscopes. The clarity of the film and colour found affected by the highest CNW-II film loading. Based on the FTIR analysis, the spectra of all films show a typical polyurethane pattern that JOPU spectra found dominant due to very low volume NCW-II content in film. The same trend is observed for thermal degradation tested using a thermogravimetric analyser. Tensile strength and water uptake have been shown to increase in proportion to the CNW-II content.

Effect of Cellulose Nanofibrils on the Properties of Jatropha Oil-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Nanocomposite Film

“…Similar FESEM images have been reported in the literature [ 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Based on our previous studies, cellulose loadings of more than 1 wt.% show agglomeration, so that its mechanical properties have not been improved [ 24 , 34 , 35 ]. It is expected that 0.5 wt.% is the optimum ratio for a good homogeneous distribution of CNF in the Jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane matrix.…”

“…The first weight losses at T d1 ~299 °C and T d2 ~378 °C corresponded to the thermal decomposition of the hard segment (urethane group) and soft segment (JOL component) in the WBPU chains with a weight loss of 53.82% and 40.72%, respectively. This is a common polyurethane thermogram because the soft segment had higher thermal stability than the hard segment [ 35 , 41 ]. The results obtained are consistent with the previous work carried out by others [ 24 , 27 , 42 , 43 ].…”

Ternary Nanocomposite System Composing of Graphene Nanoplatelet, Cellulose Nanofiber and Jatropha Oil Based Waterborne Polyurethane: Characterizations, Mechanical, Thermal Properties and Conductivity

“…Figure 3a shows the results of FTIR analysis for production of jatropha oil based waterborne polyurethane. The explanation of FTIR spectra on the derivation of jatropha oil based WBPU from jatropha oil and incorporation of different loading of CNF onto WBPU was discussed in detail on our previous studies [14,23]. Figure 3b shows the FTIR spectra plots of the different GNP loadings for the WBPU nanocomposite.…”

“…Consequently, CNF will provide mechanical support since loading of GNP was at minimal. The work on incorporation of CNF in jatropha oil based WBPU was conducted in our previous studies and 0.5 wt.% shows the optimum loading for CNF which led to 55% and 22% improvement on Young's modulus and tensile strength respectively [14,23]. Water/moisture behavior must be limited or non-existent due to the importance of polyurethane in the application of the coating.…”

The Prospering of Macromolecular Materials Based on Plant Oils within the Blooming Field of Polymers from Renewable Resources

“…In this case, hydroxyl-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were incorporated to confer high conductivity, thermal insulation, and low density. Natural fibers are, however, the preferred choice, and a thorough analysis of the effect of the incorporation of different cellulose nanowhisker polymorphs as reinforcement of jatropha oil-based polyurethanes was recently published [ 105 ]. The strategy has an additional green connotation when residues of vegetable oil industries may be valorized, which was the case of the preparation of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurates foams containing 30–60% of milled rapeseed cake, a by-product of the rapeseed oil production [ 106 ].…”