Influence of crystallinity on the Rayleigh instability of gold nanowires

Karim, Shafqat; Toimil-Molares, María Eugenia; Ensinger, Wolfgang; Balogh, Adam G.; Cornelius, Thomas W.; Khan, E.U.; Neumann, R.

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/40/12/031

Cited by 72 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The observed behaviour is in good agreement with the model of a Rayleigh breakup, i.e. 43,60,61 Additionally the presence of a substrate generally tends to stabilise the nanowires. This diffusion is driven by a gradient of the chemical potential which can be associated to the gradient of surface curvature.…”

Section: Nanowire Growth Deposition and Stability Measurementssupporting

confidence: 81%

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Thermal instabilities and Rayleigh breakup of ultrathin silver nanowires grown in helium nanodroplets

Volk

Knez

Thaler

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Ag nanowires with diameters below 6 nm are grown within vortex containing superfluid helium nanodroplets and deposited onto a heatable substrate at cryogenic temperatures. The experimental setup allows an unbiased investigation of the inherent stability of pristine silver nanowires, which is virtually impossible with other methods due to chemical processes or templates involved in standard production routes. We demonstrate by experiment and by adaption of a theoretical model that initially continuous wires disintegrate into chains of spheres. This phenomenon is well described by a Rayleigh-like breakup mechanism when the substrate is heated to room temperature. Our findings clarify the recent discussions on the cause of the observed segmented patterns, where a breakup during deposition [Gomez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012, 108, 155302] or mechanisms intrinsic to the helium droplet mediated growth process [Spence et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 6903] have been proposed. The experimental setup confirms the validity of previous suggestions derived from bulk superfluid helium experiments [Gordon et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 25229] for the helium droplet system, and further allows a much more accurate determination of the breakup temperature.

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Section: Nanowire Growth Deposition and Stability Measurementssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Ag, 39 Cu, 40,41 Au, 42,43 Sn 44 and Pt, 45 all with diameters above 20 nm. Although similar problems are well documented in the literature on the miniaturisation of optical or electronic devices, the breakup of He-mediated nanowires due to thermal instabilities had not been taken into consideration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal instabilities and Rayleigh breakup of ultrathin silver nanowires grown in helium nanodroplets

Volk

Knez

Thaler

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is in contrast to previous experiments carried out on metallic wires with similar diameter, which exhibited Rayleigh instabilities, transforming the wire into a chain of spheres after being annealed in vacuum at temperatures well below the bulk melting point .…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 92%

Low temperature annealing effects on the stability of Bi nanowires

Cassinelli

Romanenko

Reith

et al. 2015

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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To investigate the physical properties of Bi nanowires and to explore their possible implementation in thermoelectric devices, it is essential to understand their chemical and thermal stability in air both at room and moderate temperatures. In this work, we study the influence of low temperature annealing processes on the morphology and composition of the wires by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by Raman spectroscopy, revealing the formation of a metal oxide phase. This oxidation process initiates an increase of the nanowires surface roughness at low annealing temperatures, while clear protuberances are formed at 250 °C. Difficulties to electrically contact single Bi nanowires, as well as the high resistance values measured and reported by other groups, are attributed to this oxidation process, which constitutes a clear challenge for the reliable characterization of Bi nanowires and the investigation of their performance.

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“…They concluded that both the magnitude and sign of the anisotropy were critical characteristics to consider. Karim et al 13 investigated the effect of the microstructure of Au nanowires on the breakdown behavior and found that single crystalline nanowires tend to have a larger spacing between the agglomerated beads. McCallum et al 12 modeled isotropic lines adhered to a substrate and found that the substrate had a stabilizing effect as compared to the original model of Nichols and Mullins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability of Cu nanowires on a sapphire substrate

Biser

Perkins

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physics

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Cu nanowires with widths ranging from 110 to 300 nm were fabricated on a c-plane sapphire substrate using E-beam lithography and lift-off processes. Thermal annealing of these polycrystalline metal nanowires at 700°C in an inert ͑nitrogen͒ atmosphere showed that for lines of width 160 nm or less, there was complete breakdown into widely spaced, individual beads in a short time ͑1 h͒. It was shown that the morphological changes were driven by reduction in the surface energy, with surface diffusion as the predominant transport mechanism. The spacing between the beads was approximately 1.8 times greater than the values predicted by Rayleigh instability theory for a free standing rod with equivalent radius. Based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, discrepancies between the experimental observations and the predictions of Rayleigh instability theory were attributed to the stabilization effect of the substrate.

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Influence of crystallinity on the Rayleigh instability of gold nanowires

Cited by 72 publications

References 23 publications

Thermal instabilities and Rayleigh breakup of ultrathin silver nanowires grown in helium nanodroplets

Thermal instabilities and Rayleigh breakup of ultrathin silver nanowires grown in helium nanodroplets

Low temperature annealing effects on the stability of Bi nanowires

Thermal stability of Cu nanowires on a sapphire substrate

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