Influence of drinking water treatments on chlorine dioxide consumption and chlorite/chlorate formation

Sorlini, Sabrina; Gialdini, Francesca; Biasibetti, Michela; Collivignarelli, Carlo

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.038

Cited by 81 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Many studies have reported the potent oxidant and antimicrobial activity of chlorine dioxide in vitro. Recent reports have addressed concerns related to microbial decontamination of food by chlorine dioxide [6,9,18,19,20,21]. In these studies, chlorine dioxide was produced using various methods (e.g., 2% NaClO 2 with H 3 PO 4 , 4% Cl 2 with 80% NaClO 2, and by using an electrogenerator); the antimicrobial activity was more than 2% for 5–75 mg/L ClO 2 within 5–30 min.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution

Huang²,

Hsu³

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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In this study, a chlorine dioxide solution (UC-1) composed of chlorine dioxide was produced using an electrolytic method and subsequently purified using a membrane. UC-1 was determined to contain 2000 ppm of gaseous chlorine dioxide in water. The efficacy and safety of UC-1 were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was more than 98.2% reduction when UC-1 concentrations were 5 and 20 ppm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of H1N1, influenza virus B/TW/71718/04, and EV71 were 84.65 ± 0.64, 95.91 ± 11.61, and 46.39 ± 1.97 ppm, respectively. A 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test revealed that the cell viability of mouse lung fibroblast L929 cells was 93.7% at a 200 ppm UC-1 concentration that is over that anticipated in routine use. Moreover, 50 ppm UC-1 showed no significant symptoms in a rabbit ocular irritation test. In an inhalation toxicity test, treatment with 20 ppm UC-1 for 24 h showed no abnormality and no mortality in clinical symptoms and normal functioning of the lung and other organs. A ClO2 concentration of up to 40 ppm in drinking water did not show any toxicity in a subchronic oral toxicity test. Herein, UC-1 showed favorable disinfection activity and a higher safety profile tendency than in previous reports.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution

Huang²,

Hsu³

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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“…Among these, chlorite is the dominant breakdown product. Thus, chlorite occurs in drinking water when chlorine dioxide is used for purification purposes (Sorlini et al, ). The levels of chlorite in disinfected water reported in one study ranged from 3.2 to 7.0 mg/L (Michael et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium chlorite increases production of reactive oxygen species that impair the antioxidant system and cause morphological changes in human erythrocytes

Ali

Mahmood

2016

Environmental Toxicology

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Sodium chlorite (NaClO ) is used in the production of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used as disinfectant in municipal water treatment and as a component in therapeutic rinses and gels. The effect of NaClO on human erythrocytes has been studied under in vitro conditions. Incubation of 5% suspension of erythrocytes with NaClO (0.1-2.0 mM) at 37°C for 30 min resulted in marked cell lysis (1.2-3.8 fold) and increased their osmotic fragility. Several parameters were assayed in cell lysates prepared from NaClO -treated and -untreated (control) erythrocytes. Compared to controls, exposure to NaClO caused significant increase in protein oxidation (1.1-8.07 fold), lipid peroxidation (1.08-4.95 fold) with decrease in total sulfhydryl (-5 to -61%), and glutathione levels (-7 to -86%). Methemoglobin content was tremendously increased, by 5-52 fold when compared to control, while methemoglobin reductase activity decreased (-17 to -93%) upon NaClO treatment. NaClO enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species by 3-21 fold and lowered the metal reducing and free radical quenching ability of erythrocytes. It also caused an increase in nitric oxide levels (2.7-15.4 fold) showing generation of nitrosative stress too. The activities of major antioxidant and membrane bound enzymes were significantly altered. Gross morphological changes, from discocytes to echinocytes, were seen in NaClO -treated erythrocytes under electron microscope. These results show that NaClO induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, damages the membrane, and impairs the cellular antioxidant defence system. This oxidative damage can shorten the life span of erythrocytes in blood resulting in red cell senescence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1343-1353, 2017.

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“…For some other AOPs directly utilizing the strong oxidant, they could lead to the complete mineralization of the pollutants and convert them into environmental-friendly compounds such as CO 2 and H 2 O [10]. It is still noteworthy that some drawbacks hinder its wide practical application such as the generation of carcinogenic by-products (chlorite and chlorate) when using chloride in drinking water disinfection [11,12], and the high cost and harmful by-products (e.g. bromate) of the ozonation process [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%