Influence of flame retardants on the mechanism of pyrolysis of cotton (cellulose) fabrics in air

Price, Dennis; Horrocks, A. Richard; Akalın, Mehmet; Faroq, A.A.

doi:10.1016/s0165-2370(97)00043-0

Cited by 170 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…If char is formed at the expense of volatile fuel, then intuition suggests that we should expect to see a positive correlation between char yield and fire resistance. Many different additives to cellulosic materials have been found to enhance char-formation, e.g., chromated copper arsenate treatments (CCA) [37], metal carboxylates [38], sodium hydroxide [32], potassium chloride [39], phosphates [40], ammonium salts [41], and those studied in [42] and [18]. Some of these are used commercially.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some details have also emerged of the chemistry involved in these competitive pathways [16,17,18], although a complete picture of the complex reaction network remains a major experimental challenge. What is clear though is that the involvement of water in hydrolysis reactions is crucial in determining the rates and outcomes of the competitive pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feedback processes in cellulose thermal decomposition: implications for fire-retarding strategies and treatments

Ball

McIntosh

Brindley

2004

Combustion Theory and Modelling

102

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A simple dynamical system that models the competitive thermokinetics and chemistry of cellulose decomposition is examined, with reference to evidence from experimental studies indicating that char formation is a low activation energy exothermal process and volatilization is a high activation energy endothermal process. The thermohydrolysis chemistry at the core of the primary competition is described. Essentially, the competition is between two nucleophiles, a molecule of water and an -OH group on C 6 of an end glucosyl cation, to form either a reducing chain fragment with the propensity to undergo the bond-forming reactions that ultimately form char or a levoglucosan-end-fragment that depolymerizes to volatile products. The results of this analysis suggest that promotion of char formation under thermal stress can actually increase the production of flammable volatiles. Thus we would like to convey an important safety message in this paper: in some situations where heat and mass transfer is restricted in cellulosic materials, such as furnishings, insulation, and stockpiles, the use of char-promoting treatments for fire retardation may have the effect of increasing the risk of flaming combustion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feedback processes in cellulose thermal decomposition: implications for fire-retarding strategies and treatments

Ball

McIntosh

Brindley

2004

Combustion Theory and Modelling

102

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“…Although Tesoro et al demonstrated that phosphonoacetamide derivatives of cellulose impart acceptable flame retardancy, it has been shown that the most commercially successful phosphonates are the N-methylol diakyl phosphonopropionamides. Pyrovatex CP (Ciba) has been successfully used as a flameretardant reagent for textile fibers, such as cotton (Hebeish et al, 1994/Price et al, 1997, nylon (Yang et al, 1992), and lyocell (Hall et al, 1998). It is a phosphoruscontainingflameretardant (N-methylol diakyl phosphonopropionamide) with the structure shown in Figure 15.…”

Section: Pyrovatex Cp As Flame Retardant Reagent For Soybean Fabricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soybean Fibre: A Novel Fibre in the Textile Industry

Vynias¹

2011

Soybean - Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physiology

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“…Because of its wide usage in the textile and other industries, as a source of alternative fuels, the pyrolytic decomposition of cellulose has been extensively studied [45]. Whilst other more detailed mechanisms have appeared in the literature [46,47], the basic mechanisms proposed are all in line with that first suggested by Bradbury and Shafizadeh [48] who suggested that a precursor step in which an 'activated' cellulose species Cellulose * which then undergoes further reaction depending on the temperature regime as presented in Fig. ? In Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials: 2 nd Edition, CA Wilkie and AB Morgan (editors), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl, USA, 2010, pp.15-42 Figure 2.…”

Section: Natural Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%