Influence of Harvest Date and Postharvest Treatment on Carotenoid and Flavonoid Composition in French Marigold Flowers

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize carotenoids and flavonoids present in French marigold flowers (Tagetes patula "Durango Red") as well as to assess the effects of harvest dates and postharvest treatments on these compounds. Carotenoids and flavonoids were quantified using their respective standards or semiquantified using relevant related standards. Lutein and its derivatives largely dominated the flower carotenoids, while the flavonoids were diverse with patuletin leading the list. Of the different postharvest treatments, ensilage leads to the highest content of carotenoids (from 5.0 to 7.8 g kg −1 dw) and flavonoids (from 19 to 50 g kg −1 dw). The composition of individual flavonoids was greatly influenced by different postharvest treatments, while the influence of harvest dates was secondary. Ensilage and drying induced separate metabolic pathways leading to degradation of highmolecular glycosidic compounds, converting the compounds either to their aglycones or into the intermediate flavonoid glycosides. We conclude that according to the intended industrial application, different postharvest techniques can be employed to acquire desired flavonoids on a large scale.

UHPLC-OrbiTrap MS Characterization of Phenolic Profiles in French Marigold Extracts and Analysis of Their Antifeedant Activity against Colorado Potato Beetle

“…Although genus Tagetes is known for species with proven industrial potential, the majority of previous studies focusing on chemical characterization of different extracts commonly revealed a smaller number of compounds with an incomplete picture of phytochemical diversity responsible for demonstrated biological activities. In the work of Bhave et al [ 51 ], French marigold flowers extracted in acidified MeOH, and characterized by HPLC-MS/MSC, revealed a total of 12 flavonoids identified from 26 peak compounds. Politi et al [ 52 ] used the same method and identified kaempferol and patuletin, along with 10 glycosylated flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of aerial parts.…”

“…Ten polyphenols were identified using analytical standards, while the identification of other components (in the absence of standards) was carried out according to their monoisotopic mass (obtained by full scan (FS) analysis) and MS n fragmentation, and confirmed by the literature data of metabolites identified in various Tagetes species [ 51 , 55 , 82 , 83 , 84 ]. RStudio software (version 1.3.1093) was used for the MS data evaluation.…”

A Brief Review of Efficacious Plants in the World: <i>Tagetes</i> (Marigold)

“…Some important chemical agents are found in the marigold extract, such as phenylpropanoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, thiophenes, quercetagetin, 6-hydroxykaempferol, quercetin, patuletin, quercetagetin-7-Oglucoside and others (Bhave et al 2020;Ratananikom et al 2021;Devrnja et al 2022). The compound produced by plants could vary depending on some factors: part of plant extracted, harvesting seasons, plant development stage, and geographical conditions (Salehi et al 2018).…”

Impact of Dry Processing on Secondary Metabolites in the Petals of Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Cultivar

“…In a report by Siriamornpun et al [22], lutein content in Tagetes erecta L. flowers treated with HAD at 60 • C for 4 h decreased by over 50% compared to that in FD. In another study, the conversion of high molecular glycosyl flavonoids in Tagetes patula flowers into aglycones or intermediate flavonoid glycosides through the drying process was reported [23]. From these results, the effects of thermal drying on the chemical properties of marigold flowers, particularly in different cultivars, highlight the need for investigation.…”